BREEDING OF STOCK. 
603 
and expanding well out also in the upper portion of the skull, 
are more intelligent, and therefore more manageable than 
animals having narrow or convex heads. It is the index to 
coarseness everywhere, and often the index, too, of a bad 
constitution, what we should term rickety or scrofulous in 
the human subject. Size and strength are not identical in 
living tissues and structures ; the small bones of the gazelle 
and the chamois, supporting them in dashing leaps from crag 
to crag, are natural illustrations of how strength may be con¬ 
densed in the small bone; the large bones are full of cells, 
are porous, so to speak, and bear about the same relation 
to small bones as the branch of the pithy alder tree does to 
the dense and compact stem of the oak. It is pleasant to 
find very strong testimony on this point by one of the most 
successful graziers and cattle dealers that England has ever 
known. Mr. Culley, who realised a very large fortune by 
the purchase and sale of feeding stock, writes thus :—For I 
aver that no large-boned animal will feed so quickly, or cover 
so readily and thickly with fat flesh, as one with a small bone, 
if w'ell formed. This is the criterion—this is the main prin¬ 
ciple that we found our judgment upon respecting all 
animals which are to be fatted for the support of mankind; 
and we can justly say, that this judgment is confirmed by 
near forty years’ experience.” 
Well, having for the most part dealt thus far with evil 
points, what may be considered good ones ? In the bull, the 
head should be well set upon a broad, deep, muscular neck, 
the horns short, and not too bl ight; the ears long, and 
situated near to the head, the inside skin having an orange 
tint. The forehead should he broad at this point, with a 
somewhat concave appearance between the eyes, the eyes 
themselves large, mild, lustrous, and prominent. The butcher 
knows if he finds the eye of the calf protuberant, and by 
elevating the eyelids sees fat underneath, that the protu¬ 
berance is caused by fat in the socket; and if it be found in 
quantity here, it is a fair criterion that it is well diffused in 
more important points. A fine flesh-coloured muzzle, with 
nostrils well dilated; the neck, as said before, broad, deep, 
and muscular; the shoulder-blades well set toward the rib 
behind, and yet stretching up finely towards the “ crop,” 
leaving no deep hollow between it and the ribs; chest deep ; 
ribs well rounded, and stretching backwards to the hook-bone, 
so as to leave no very wide space there. The breadth between 
the “ hook-bones ” should be proportionate to the length 
from them to the point of the fleshy rump, and the tail set 
on as in the diagram; the fore legs should be broad and mus- 
