586 
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF DOMESTIC BIRDS. 
description. In cases of chronic effusion, I have found from two 
to three pounds of serum in the cavities. 
Disease of the Stomach has not been observed, with the 
exception of cases where poison has been taken. On the contrary, 
inflammation of the bowels has been found in all its variety of 
forms, and is equally as fatal as in other animals. At the time 
the cholera prevailed, a great mortality was observed amongst the 
poultry in the same districts. The post-mortem examinations 
shewed a quantity of brownish-red fluid contained in the intes¬ 
tines, of the same nature as that which had been voided per anum; 
however, on the last appearance of this fatal epidemy nothing of 
the kind was observed. 
Obstruction in some part of the intestinal tube has been often 
observed. Not unfrequently one or the other of the two coecums, 
which in ordinary circumstances contain ingesta in a semi-fluid 
state, were distended to excess by dry food, so that, in size, they 
exceeded the colon. The rectum is often obstructed by hard and 
dry excrement. 
Of the Diseases of the Liver, none but hypertrophy has 
been observed in birds, which seems to arise from an uncommon 
but normal increase in the size of the liver, or from a deposition of 
fat in its tissue. Wilke communicates a case of a hen, the liver of 
which weighed twenty-five ounces. This hen had not laid any eggs 
for some time previous, and crowed like a cock. The deposition 
of fat (stearosis hepatis) occurs not only in geese which are fat¬ 
tened in a small space where they can hardly move, but also in 
other species of domestic fowls. 
Gall Stones have not been found in birds, with one excep¬ 
tion, in the casuar of the East Indies, in which a gall-stone of 
considerable size was found, and which completely obstructed the 
biliary duct. 
Intestinal Worms are generally found in the small intestines 
of birds: they are more various in aquatic birds. The following 
species are found: — 1, the calodium tenue (Dujardin), ascaris 
muculosa (Rud.), tcenia crassala (R.), in the pigeon; 2, tricho- 
soma longicolle (R.), ascaris vesicularis (Froel.), ascaris inflexa, 
ascaris gibbosa, monostoma verrucosum (R.), distoma dilitatum 
(Miram), distoma chinatum (Zeit), tcenia infundibuliformis (Goeze), 
tcenia malleus (Goeze), tcenia exilis (Dujardin), in the common fowls; 
3, ascaris vesicularis (Froel), in the Guinea-fowl; 4, ascarisperspi- 
cillum (R.), ascaris vesicularis (Froel), in the Turkey; 5, ascaris 
vesicularis (Froel), in the peacock; 6, trichosuma brevicolle, spiro- 
tera uncinata, strongylus nodicularis (R.), strongylus tenuis mehlis, 
ascaris dispar (Schraak), echinorrhynehus versicolor (R.), monos¬ 
toma verrucosum (Zeder), monostoma attenuatum (R.), distoma 
