PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF DOMESTIC BIRDS. 587 
echinatum (Zeder), distoma oxycephalum tcenia lanceolata (Goeze), 
tcenia sinosa (R.), tcenia infundibuliformis (Goeze), selig era (FroeV), 
fasciata (R.), malleus (Goeze), in the goose; 7, ascaris inflexa 
(Zeder), asc. crassa (Deslongchamp), strongylus tubifex (Nitzsch), 
hystrichis tricolor (Dujard.), ecchinorrhynchus versicolor (R.), mo¬ 
nostoma verrucosum (Zeder). distoma lineare (R.), dist. oxycepha- 
lus (R.), echinatum (Zeder), ligula sparsa (R.), tcenia Icevis (BL), 
trillineata (BL), infundibuliformis (Goeze), sinosa (R.), malleus 
(Goeze), sinuosa (R.), coronula (Dujardin), megalops (Nitzsch), in 
the ducks. 
IV. Organs of Generation. 
Wasting of the ovarium is not unfrequent, and sometimes to 
such a degree as to leave no traces of it. The reverse of this is 
the production of yolks of an unusual size. There are some 
specimens in the museum at Berlin five inches long by three 
inches in diameter. These enlarged yolks are either found in the 
abdominal cavity, or in the duct: in the latter case they are covered 
with a thick coat formed by the yolk, but without the least trace 
of white or eggshell. The formation of the white and the shell 
is also not at all times regular. The egg, covered only with a 
thin membrane, is occasionally forced out of the duct. This, most 
likely, depends upon too strong a vermicular motion of the duct, 
causing the egg to be laid before its time, and before all its parts 
are properly formed. On the contrary, if the egg be retained by 
some cause or other in the duct, we have the formation of a 
double white and a double shell. If the duct is contracted in some 
part or other, we find the egg has taken the same shape, so as to 
adapt itself to the contraction. 
The Formation of Hydatids, also, belongs to the diseases of 
the ovarium. They occur in two ways; either as true hydatids, or 
the vesiculse of the ovarium, which are originally filled with fluid, 
which, in this state, greatly increases in quantity, instead of being, 
as in the usual course, converted into yolks, of which there seems 
to be a general suppression. The duct, and even the eggs, are not 
exempt from parasites. They seem to force their way from the 
duct into the white of the egg, while in a state of formation round 
the yolk. These are the distoma litneatum, and distoma ovatum. 
Sometimes the ascaris inflexa is met with. The distoma ovatum 
has also been found in the bursafabricii in the common fowl. 
V. Disease of the Respiratory Organs. 
Catarrh, the well-known Pip, is very frequent, particularly 
amongst fowls. The symptoms are those of the common catarrh. 
It is not confined to the mucous membrane of the nose only, but 
