11 
or 10 stout browuish bristle 3 , with their points curved, encircling 
the margin of the upper surface. Eyes prominent, usually of the 
same color as the head but sometimes darker; spiracles distinct. 
Fig. 3 .—a, cocoon from below, showing pupa Through 
the thin silk attaching the cocoon to a beam; b, same 
from above. Enlarged. (Fiom “Insect Life ’*) 
The cocoon (Fig. 3, a and 
h) varies in length from 10 
to 14 mm., and from 4 to 6 
mm. in width. It is com¬ 
posed of very delicate whit¬ 
ish silk spun by the larva, 
and is often intermingled 
with particles of meal, flour, 
dirt, or other material. It is 
perfectly smooth within, and 
is usually attached to some 
surface by a very thin layer 
of silk, so that the pupa can 
be plainly seen when the 
cocoon is removed from its 
place of attachment, as rep¬ 
resented in the accompany¬ 
ing illustration. 
GENERAL REVIEW. 
Although this moth was first discovered in a flouring-mill in 
Germany in 1877, it was not made known to science until 1879, 
when Prof. Zeller noted the outbreak and described and named 
the species (I)* from specimens from the infested mill, sent him 
by Prof. Kuhn, Director of the Agricultural Institute, University 
of Halle, Germany. Prof. P. C. T. Snellen refers to this paper 
of Zeller’s in 1881 (2). 
The insect was next observed in a noodle factory in Belgium 
in 1884, and was reported by Mr. Alfred Preudhomme de Borre, 
July 5 of the same year (5). He supposed it to have been in¬ 
troduced into that country with American cereals. Many sub¬ 
stances were used to rid the mill of the infestation, but they 
proved useless. The most noticeable improvement in the situa¬ 
tion resulted from scrupulous cleanliness. 
In May, 1884, Mr. Maurice Girard read a paper before the 
Entomological Society of France (3) on the ravages of the flour 
moth, which had appeared in a flouring-mill at Lodelinsarte, 
Belgium, and gave a short description of the adult insect and 
larva. In the discussion which followed this paper Mr. E. L. 
Ragonot said that he had in his collection specimens of Ephestia 
kuehniella from North Carolina, Mexico, and Chili. In this same 
year Dr. F. Karsch, in an article entitled “Ephesiia kuehniella , 
Zeller: Eine Nord Amerikanische Phycide am Rhein,” (4) notes 
the appearance of this moth at several places along the lower 
* The fall-face parenthetical figures in this paper refer to the bibliographical list appended. 
