11 
at the same conclusion (55). In my own work I have found 
this a very convenient method for separating the sexes of the 
larvm, and in no case has it been misleading. 
In 1887, Mr. It. Adkin, of Loudon, made two contributions to 
the literature of the flour moth (18, 19) which I have not 
seen. In an article published in 1892 (45) he states that the 
pest is still present in England, and that it is of sufficiently fre¬ 
quent occurrence in granaries, mills, bakeries, etc., to be regarded 
as an established insect pest. 
In 1889, Miss E. A. Ormerod reports the appearance of the flour 
moth in very destructive numbers in England (23) and refers 
(24) to a new outbreak in a mill in the north of England in 
1888, the larvae getting into the spouts and machinery and, by 
their webs, stopping the flow of the flour. Some of this infested 
flour w T as found, on examination, to be little more than a webbed 
mass full of living larvae, chrysalids, and dead moths. The mill 
was stopped and thoroughly cleaned, steam was introduced into 
every part of the place, and the walls and floor beneath were 
washed with “paraffine” (kerosene). The owner of this infested 
mill thought the insect came to him in empty sacks returned from 
some baker, perhaps coming originally from London in this way. 
In 1890 (32) Miss Ormerod reports the pest as still present in 
England, in one instance being kept in check by frequent 
fumigation, sulphur being the chief substance used. She gives 
the results of some inquiries regarding the presence of this 
insect in other countries, with a short abstract of matter in 
her Twelfth Report concerning the nature of the attack. Several 
paragraphs are quoted from Mr. Fletcher’s Report for 18^9 (29) and 
from a Bulletin by Dr. Bryce (26), both of which are referred 
to on another page of this article. In her Fourteenth Report 
(38) Miss Ormerod says that the flour moth may be regarded 
as thoroughly established in England ard quietly extending itself, 
and that it is still doing serious damage in the mills from which 
it was first reported, although expensive preventive measures have 
been taken to keep it in check. The fact that this insect is 
present in widely distant parts of England is evidence of the 
root the insect has taken in that country. 
There is no record of damage by this pest in North America 
prior to 1889, at which time it appeared in destructive numbers 
in a large flouring-mill in Ontario, Canada. The owner tried 
every means known to him to destroy the insect, but every effort 
failed, and he finally appealed to Mr. James Fletcher, Dominion 
Entomologist, for help. The matter was then brought officially 
before the notice of the Ontario Government, and the investiga¬ 
tion was placed in the hands of Dr. P. H. Bryce, Secretary of 
the Provincial Board of Health of Ontario, who published the re¬ 
sults of his investigation (26) in October, 1889. 
The manager of the mill suspended work, and took down the ma¬ 
chinery and subjected it to steaming. The whole mill was then 
thoroughly cleaned and fumigated with sulphur; the walls and 
ceilings were scraped and swept; elevator spouts, loose wooden 
