THE WHITE BUTTERFL Y. 
271 
its back and secures on the other side, and repeats this 
operation till the united threads have formed a band or loop 
of sufficient strength. On the next day it casts off the 
caterpillar skin, and becomes a chrysalis. This is sometimes 
of a pale green, and sometimes of a white color, regularly 
and finely dotted with black; the sides of the body are 
angular, the head is surmounted by a conical tubercle, 
and over the fore part of the body, corresponding to the 
thorax of the included butterfly, is a thin projection, having 
in profile some resemblance to a Roman nose. 
The chrysalis state lasts eleven days, at the expiration of 
which the insect comes forth a butterfly. The wings are 
white, but dusky next to the body ; the tips of the upper 
ones are yellowish beneath, with dusky veins ; the under 
side of the hinder wings is straw-colored, with broad dusky 
veins, and the angles next' to the body are deep yellow ; the 
back is black, and the antennae are blackish, with narrow 
white rings, and ochre-yellow at the tips. The wings ex- 
pand about two inches. 
I have seen these butterflies in great abundance during the 
latter part of July and the beginning of August, in pairs, or 
laying their eggs for a second brood of caterpillars. The 
chrysalids produced from this autumnal brood survive the 
winter, and the butterflies are not disclosed from them till 
May or June. In gardens or fields infested by the cater- 
pillars, boards, placed horizontally an inch or two above the 
surface of the soil, will be resorted to by them when they 
are about to change to chrysalids, and here it will be easy 
to find, collect, and destroy them, either in the caterpillar 
01 chrysalis state. The butterflies also may easily be taken 
by a Ifirge and deep bag-net of muslin, attached to a handle 
of five or six feet in length ; for they fly low and lazily, 
especially when busy in laying their eggs. In Europe the 
caterpillars of the white butterflies are eaten by the larger 
titmouse ( Parus major'), and probably our own titmouse 
01 chickadee, with other insect-eating birds, will be found 
equally useful, if properly protected. 
