446 
Melinda cognata Meigen 
(3) Epizoic Forms. 
• _ 
Wandolleckia cooki Brues, a wingless Phorid fly discovered by Cook on a 
large terrestrial Mollusc from Liberia. According to Wandolleck (1898) these 
flies seem to feed upon the mucus of their host. 
Wandolleckia biformis Schmitz, collected by Bequaert on a large Mollusc: 
Achatina, found in virgin forest, Belgian Congo. 
According to Schmitz (1917), who described this fly, its development 
is similar to that of Termitoxenia as described by Wasmann (1900-1913), 
i.e. it has lost its larval and pupal stages and become Ametabolic, this loss being 
compensated for by a certain degree of development during the imaginal 
stage. As in Termitoxenia , Schmitz found also in this species two kinds of 
individuals: (1) stenogaster females with soft chitin and retracted abdomen 
and (2) physogaster, normally chitinised females, with well extended abdomen. 
The males are unknown, and Schmitz supposes this insect to be a protandric 
hermaphrodite. 
In my previous paper (1915 6) I criticised the statement of Wasmann and 
insisted upon the fact that neither ametaboly nor hermaphroditism of Termi¬ 
toxenia and Termitomyia is yet proved. To what is mentioned in my 
paper I can now add that the existence of steno- and physogaster forms 
does not demonstrate the ametaboly of an insect; in fact these forms are 
known in Puliciphora pusillima de Meijere (1912, PI. IV, figs. 16 a and 16 b) 
while in another species of the same genus, P. beckeri de Meijere, both larval 
and pupal stages have been described and figured by de Meijere. 
As to the protandric hermaphroditism of these insects, the only way to 
prove its existence is to find in the stenogaster forms all the stages of spermato¬ 
genesis, i.e. the spermatogonia and spermatids. 
(4) Saprophagous larvae and doubtful parasites. 
I 
In this group, besides Phorids and several Acalypterates, we shall place 
Sarcophagids, though for a few of these flies the records are still contradictory 
and there is even a tendency to consider them as true parasites. 
As on the other hand the complete life-history of these Sarcophagids is 
still unknown it is better to consider them as doubtful parasites and to 
examine them with the saprophagous forms. 
SARCOPHAGIDAE. 
Sarcophaga carnaria L. According to Portchinsky (1887, p. 17) a great 
number of these flies, which he identified as S. atropos Meig. (= S. carnaria 
L.), emerged from a lot of Helix stavropolitana collected by Konig in the 
Caucasus. Konig mentioned that the larvae had apparently no effect upon the 
life of the snails, which lived in captivity a long time after the appearance of 
the flies. 
