330 
Pediculus and Phthirus 
into two general classes: Alata and Aptera. The Aptera [Retz.] contained 
two Orders, the second Gressoria [Retz.] containing the class Aucenata 
[Retz.] = Apterygogenea + Corrodentia + Siphunculata + Mallophaga nob. 
Latreille (1796, p. 175) based his classification on the morphology of the 
mouthparts, wings, etc. His group Parasita = the Mallophaga + Siphuncu- 
lata of to-day. 
Clairville (1789, Helvet. Ent.) under Pododunera included Apterygogenea 
and other apterous insects. 
Cuvier (1805, Legons) reverted to the older method of classification ac¬ 
cording to the mouthparts. His group Apteres = Suctoria + Siphunculata 
+ Mallophaga + Acaridae. 
Lamarck (1816, Hist. Nat.) gives the order “Arachnides antennees 
tracheales,” with Section 2. “Arachnides acaridiennes” (= Mallophaga 
+ Siphunculata). 
Leach (1817, Zool. Misc. hi, p. 64) developed the conception of Swammer¬ 
dam and Ray of classifying insects according to their mode of development. 
He divides Insecta accordingly into two classes: Ametabolia and Metabolia. 
The latter contains two orders, the second being the Anoplura (= Mallo¬ 
phaga + Siphunculata). 
Nitzsch (1818, p. 282) founded the order Mallophaga but placed sucking 
lice under Hemiptera. Many authors have followed Nitzsch in referring 
sucking lice to Hemiptera (cf. Railliet, 1895, p. 823; Gerstacker, Enderlein, 
v. infra). 
Burmeister (1835-38, Handbuch) divides Ametabolia into two groups, 
(a) Haustellata which includes Pediculida and (b ) Mandibulata which in¬ 
cludes Mallophaga. (See also Denny, 1842, p. 3.) 
Gerstacker (1863, Handbuch) gives the order Hemiptera as comprising what 
we know to-day as Hemipteroidea + Siphunculata -f- Mallophaga. 
Finally, Shipley (1904, Zool. Anz. xxvn, p. 261) divides the class Insecta 
into 22 orders; to the two orders Mallophaga and Siphunculata, he gives 
respectively the new names Lipoptera (from the Greek Xltt (XeLirw)) and 
Ellipoptera (from the Greek eXXwr (iXXeLTrco)). By giving new names to but 
seven of the 22 orders Shipley makes all the names of the orders terminate 
in “-ptera,” which makes for uniformity in nomenclature. 
We may now turn our attention to more recent authors who have given 
special attention to the systematic position of the Siphunculata and Mallo¬ 
phaga. It should be noted that many of these authors use the name Anoplura 
as synonymous with Siphunculata this being incorrect, for Anoplura Leach 
included both sucking and biting lice. Therefore, so as not to confuse the issue 
I shall refer throughout, as heretofore, to Siphunculata when referring to 
sucking lice in quoting from other authors who misapply the name Anoplura. 
The old view of Nitzsch that Siphunculata are Hemiptera has been held 
by a number of authors, the view having been defended by Enderlein (1904, 
p. 134) who sought to homologize their mouthparts with those of Rhynchota. 
