332 
Pediculus and Phthirus 
of the heart and fat body, and the structure of the reproductive organs, ali 
of which differ from what is seen in Rhynchota. Mjoberg (1910) has moreover 
noted the resemblance between the eggs of Siphunculata and Mallophaga in 
respect to all essential details, including the micropyle apparatus and the 
“Eistigma ,? at the base. This accumulated evidence should finally dispose 
of Enderlein’s contention. 
As previously stated, many authors continue to use the name Anoplura 
in place of Siphunculata. This is done by some of the writers above quoted 
and others (Sharp, 1899, p. 599; Shipley, Zool. Anz., 1904, p. 261; Silvestri, 
1910, p. 198; Patton and Cragg, 1913, p. 527; Castellani and Chalmers, 
1913, p. 631; Cummings, 1912-1916, in various papers; Ferris, 1916, p. 129; 
Grimshaw, 1917, p. 13, etc.). Since, however, the name Anoplura Leach (1817) 
was applied to both Siphunculata and Mallophaga, and in this sense agrees with 
modern views, it should henceforth be used in its original sense only, there being 
no justification for continuing to apply it to Siphunculata alone. 
It is evident from the foregoing statements that the following, remodelled, 
systematic definitions are called for so as to obviate confusion in the future: 
II. 
ORDER ANOPLURA Leach 1817 1 . 
Characters of Order : wingless insects which undergo incomplete meta¬ 
morphosis and live continuously as ectoparasites on warm-blooded animals 
upon whose feathers or hair (or clothes in man) they cement their eggs. 
Antennae typically 5-articled, when 3- or 4-articled they show derivation 
from 5-articled type. Eyes reduced or absent. No ocelli. Mouthparts reduced. 
Legs modified for clinging. Thoracic segments more or less fused. Abdomen 
of adult composed of nine apparent segments. Functional spiracles: typically 
seven pairs, one thoracic and six abdominal. 
The Anoplura are divided into two sub-orders: (1) Mallophaga and (2) 
Siphunculata which, but for the structure of the mouthparts and subsidiary 
differences, have many characters in common. 
Sub-order I. Mallophaga Nitzsch 1818. 
Characters of Sub-order: Anoplura with mandibulate mouthparts, 
feeding only on feathers or hair and the epidermal detritus of their host 
(exceptionally on extravasated blood). They chew their food. Thorax divided, 
meso- and metathorax usually fused. Eyes always present. Antennae 4- or 
5-articled. Thoracic stigmata ventral. Tarsi with one or two claws. 
The Mallophaga are mostly parasites of birds, relatively few (Trichodec- 
tidae, Boopidae) occur on mammals. 
1 Mr L. Harrison has kindly aided me in drafting the three definitions relating to the char¬ 
acters of Anoplura and the sub-orders Mallophaga and Siphunculata. 
