Gr. S. Graham-Smith 377 
is greatly influenced by the temperature at which the parasitised fly puparia 
are kept (1916, p. 531). 
Fly puparia collected from small carcases lying (A) in sunny, and (B) shady 
situations during the autumn of 1915 were placed in boxes covered with fine 
gauze, which were left during the following winter at the breeding places. 
From these puparia very numerous examples of A. manducator emerged 
during 
1916. 
A. 
manducator 
Subsequent examination of 
puparia remaining intact. 
No. of fly 
puparia 
Spring batch 
9 April—30 May 
Autumn batch 
13 Sept.—15 Nov. 
Situation 
Dead adults 
Living larvae 
A, sunny 
4742 
673(2 + 159 2 
148(2+43? 
179 
9 
B, shady 
5163 
158 (2 + 140? 
1912 (2+447 ? 
290 
41 
At least 25 per cent, of the puparia from the sunny situation and 57 per 
cent, of those from the shady situation were infected with A. manducator , 
but while from the sunny situation 81 per cent, of the parasites emerged in 
the spring, from the shady situation 83 per cent, of them emerged in the 
autumn. In each situation more than three-quarters of all the specimens were 
males, and it was noticed that a large proportion of the males emerged before 
the females commenced to appear both in the spring and autumn batches. 
In the sunny situation between April 9 and May 9 471 (2 and only 26 ? emerged, 
and in the shady situation between September 27 and October 16 1416 d 
and only 140 ?. Possibly the predominance of males is due to the fact that 
virgin females very readily deposit eggs which produce males (see p. 380). 
From the puparia mentioned there also emerged: 
Situation 
A, sunny 
B, shady 
Puparia containing 
+. cephalotes 
D. cavus 
Living flies 
Dead flies * 
Living 
Dead* 
Ficfitids 
Adults 
Larvae * 
1040(2 + 1107 ? 
989 
192 
122 
5 
13 
62 
843 (2+ 677 ? 
501 
26 
6 
25 
2 
93 
* The puparia remaining intact were dissected nearly a year later. 
In this instance secondary chalcid infection exerted little influence on the re¬ 
sults. Occasionally, however, secondary chalcid infection has a great influence 
on the numbers of A. manducator emerging in the autumn. Such an instance has 
been illustrated in detail previously (1916, pp. 533-535), puparia infected with 
A. manducator in the “sun tin" being attacked by M. acasta, while those in 
the “shade tin ” escaped. In the former during the autumn numerous chalcids 
emerged but not a single A. manducator , while in the latter more than a 
thousand A. manducator appeared, but no chalcids. 
It may be of interest to inquire how far the appearance of the spring and 
autumn batches is influenced by temperature. Some puparia collected in the 
autumn of 1915 were kept in rooms at different temperatures. In the three 
cooler rooms both spring and autumn batches appeared, but in the three 
warmer rooms spring batches only. Since the latter rooms were very warm 
