fa 
the flies, which these frosts will kill if in the imam stage. If 
ion ever, these winged flies have already bred in volunteer and 
early wheat, and if the early frosts find the insect in t^ Lrdy 
mature f iilV?ft 1 pil Pf n ™’. the flles emerging from these, as they 
matme, will often make their appearance between frosts and deposit 
en eggs on the youngest wheat accessible, before being overtaken 
by killing- cold As late wheat is then in a condition more tempt¬ 
ing to the mother fly than that in earlier sown fields, it is, on the 
^nole, more likely to suffer serious injury. 
It seems to be sometimes the case, however, that a field'of 
eaily wheat infested m autumn, in the usual way, will develop the 
imago of the regular autumnal brood so early that it may be 
again attacked by the second autumnal brood and destroyed before 
cold weather arrests the ravage. Whether, consequently, the wheat 
m D + ® arIy , or laf ; e \! s vei 'y evidently important that particu- 
. c i attention be paid to the volunteer wheat in regions subject to 
injury by the fly. If the land were so handled that the volunteer 
wheat rye, and barley were not allowed to spring up, or if they 
were killed everywhere as fast as they should appear, no midsuim 
bable t°n' ,r d rm e °?’, and , the faU ^ould be mnch less 
and loti attc,cL rll f* A ate wheat especially would be protected, 
and late sowing would have the desired effect.* 
Neither spring wheat nor barley are raised in Southern Illinois 
but it may be proper to add that if they were, they would greatly 
complicate the problem of protecting the wheat from the Hessian 
I believe, however that a more valuable use of the facts in the 
case may be made than this. Although our knowledge of the fly 
aoes not lead us to believe that it is perfectly three-brooded, and 
does not eien justify us in assuming that all the winged flies 
coming out before and soon after harvest will deposit their eggs 
m volunteer wheat if this is offered them, yet it is certain that a 
°* them "P 11 d ° s °; an d our recent observations indicate 
that the residue which will, under these circumstances, delay their 
oviposit] out until a moderately late sowing time, is so small that 
it would be unlikely to do any great harm. Or, in other words, 
our present information warrants us in saying that if the fly is 
given an opportunity to breed in volunteer wheat, and if the 
piogeiiy. resulting are destroyed before the transfor?nation to the 
winged insect, damage by the fly would be greatly lessened, if not 
practically prevented, in the latitude of Southern Illinois. 
The mode of procedure which here naturally presents itself is 
sucn a management of the land as will, first, encourage the growth 
ered'a/e^tion to” W?very general rSte" *n ’¥? «>«?«»tan Hr baa been consid- 
fluence of dry weather may be d'ue to thp fniliJ« ? possible that this seemingly detrimental in- 
of the summer brood of volunteer wheat, andthe consequent suppression 
tog ‘“ago cannot delay opposition, but that Hv- 
velopment or not. ’ * 1 y h gg at 0nce ’ whetller conditions are favorable to their de- 
