60 
gunpowder-like excrementitious grains; and it is under this cover¬ 
ing that it feeds. It is semi-gregarious, either living alone on 
the leaf, or in company within a bunch of leaves tied together. 
* * So far as we now know there is but one annual 
brood of the Apple-leaf Skeletonizer; but the moths issue very ir¬ 
regularly, and the worms may be found all through the summer, 
but particularly in the fall, as long as the leaves remain on the 
tree. I have found but partially grown worms as late as Novem¬ 
ber—unfortunates that seemed doomed to a wintry death. The 
moths commence to make their appearance in the vicinity of St. 
Louis by the first of May, but I have had them issue as late as 
the last of July.” 
In a letter from Mr. A. C. Hammond, published in the same connec¬ 
tion, there is described a peculiar effect of the attack of these skeletoni- 
zers which is not mentioned in any of the later articles concerning 
the species, and which I have never seen in the field—that of 
causing the fruit to fall when about one fourth growm. In the 
orchard in question the larvae were at work in great numbers in 
June, 1869, and it was “found that the worms generally inclosed 
two or three apples within the mass of leaves, and that they were 
feeding upon these as well as upon the leaves, of course causing 
them to drop.” Mr. Hammond adds: “Their ravages were prin¬ 
cipally confined to a few varieties. The yellow Bellflower, Wine- 
sap, and Ben Davis appeared to be their favorites. They had 
caused fully one half of the fruit to fall from several hundred 
trees in my orchard.” 
Mr. Biley also records having bred from the larvae of this species 
“two small Ichneumon flies, one of which is a Microgaster” which,, 
he says, were accidentally destroyed before being described; aud 
mention is made of the fact that “the larva of some lace-wing fly 
(Chrysopa) also preys upon it.” 
In a treatise on the Economic Entomology of Illinois, published 
in the Seventh Report of the State Entomologist (1877), Prof. G. 
H. French quotes (p. 252) portions of the two articles above re¬ 
ferred to, but gives no original observations and adds nothing to 
the existing knowledge concerning the subject; although the recom¬ 
mendation is here first made that the arsenites be used as a remedy. 
In an article concerning “Orchards and Insects” published in 
the Transactions of the Iowa State Horticultural Society for 1882, 
Hon. J. N. Dixon, of Oskaloosa, Iowa, discusses the skeletonizer 
and several related species, including the lesser apple leaf roller 
(Teras minufa), stating that both these species are single-brooded 
in his latitude. But as—while dissenting in part from the results 
of previous writers and claiming to have originally and independently 
worked out the life histories of these species—he falls into the 
only error they have made,—that of considering Tercis Cinderella r 
Riley, and Teras malivorana , LeB. (recently proven, as stated 
elsewhere in this paper to be dimorphic forms of one species—the 
Teras minuta of Robinson) as distinct species; and as he states 
