73 
LIFE HISTORY. 
Recapitulating the facts brought out in the various articles cited 
above, the life history of the leaf crumpler may be briefly given 
as follows: The small, grayish moths appear in June or July, 
and deposit eggs on the various trees which serve as food plants 
for the larvm. From these eggs there soon hatch small brownish 
worms, which construct tubular silken cases, within which they 
remain concealed when not eating. As they grow larger they 
draw about the openings of their abodes many partially eaten 
leaves, so that by autumn there is quite a bunch about each case. 
At the approach of cold weather the cases are attached to the 
twigs by means of silken threads, the larvae frequently gnawing 
away the tender bark to insure a firm hold; and thus the winter 
is passed. As soon in spring as the leaves begin to appear the 
larvae attack them, frequently eating out the flower buds as well. 
They continue feeding and growing until sometime in June, when 
they become pupae. Professor Garman found both larvae and pupae 
at Champaign June 13, 1885. About a fortnight later the moths 
emerge, and thus the life cycle is completed. In the breeding 
cages of the laboratory the moths have emerged as early as June 
22 and as late as July 24. 
From the references given above, and the note-slips of the office, 
it appears that the leaf crumpler feeds habitually upon the apple, 
quince, and possibly the peach, and on both the wild and culti¬ 
vated varieties of the cherry, plum, and crab-apple. 
INTRODUCTION INTO NEW LOCALITIES. 
I know of no other orchard insect that is so liable to be generally 
introduced into new localities through the dissemination of young 
fruit trees as this, the peculiar winter habit of the species being 
such that, unless the trees are examined with special reference to it 
before they are sent out, a few of the larvae are almost certain to 
adhere to them. Hence, both the person sending and the one re¬ 
ceiving young fruit trees should be careful to pick off and destroy 
all suspicious looking leaf-masses. It may be argued that this pest 
is so generally distributed that it would make no difference were 
a few more to be introduced into each locality every year; but it 
does make a difference, for the balance which nature has adjusted 
between these insects and their various enemies is thus disturbed,, 
and a new energy is infused into the work of destruction. 
PARASITES. 
Besides the parasites mentioned above by Dr. LeBaron and 
others, we have bred from this species an undescribed clialcid 
belonging to the genus Eupelmus. 
