18 
outside the tree. Supposes that the beetles hibernate, an 
that the destruction of trees in winter will not serve th 
purpose. 
In the discussion following this paper Prof. French says tha 
he believes that the old beetles die in fall, tinds plenty ( 
larvae in the wood in winter. 
EUROPEAN LITERATURE.* 
1837. 
Schmidberger, Josef. —The Small Bark Beetle: Scolyti 
hsemorrhous, Mey. (Kollar’s ‘‘Treatise on Insects Injui 
ous to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers” : English Tran 
lation by J. and M. Loudon, 1840, pp. 263-205.) 
In the middle of May [1834] several young apple-trees in po 
were thrown out because of injury by the apple bark beet 
“Xyloterus dispar.” The stem of one of these trees, examine 
later, showed several small holes, and very small beetles, d 
termined as >colytus hsemorrhous , [S. rugulosus~\ were se< 
piercing the bark." The tree trunk was cut in pieces and put 
a box, but the beetles penetrated more deeply into the bar 
The inner bark was full oi passages and hollows, many of the 
extending a few lines into the sap wood. A white egg lay 
each furrow, which, after a few days, produced a white lar 
which fed on the bark or sap wood, preference being given 
the bark, only the outer part being left—probably as a prot( 
tion. Sap wood appears to be attacked by the beetles on 
when outer and inner bark are consumed. 
The larvae fed till late in autumn. The tree being kept 
living room, their transformation was hastened, a few ful 
formed beetles being seen about the end of February, 183 
They were completely at rest in their passages. Most of t 
larvae did not become fully developed beetles until the end 
May. They left their dwelling in April. 
Any tree attacked by this insect in great numbers must p< 
ish. Its usual abode is the forest. In 1834 it was not fou 
in healthy trees near where the withered trees were thrown oi 
Probably only attacks trees that are sickly. Appears to mul 
ply rapidly, and cannot be eradicated or even diminished 
number except by removing the tree infested. This remoi 
may be delayed even till the end of March, as the beetles 
not leave their dwelling until April. 
Ratzeburg, Julius Theodor Christian. —Die Forst-Insecten. 
Die Kafer, p. 187. 
Beetle figured and briefly described. Figure of injured brar 
with bark removed. Injurious at various places in Germany 
plum and apple, killing branches or very weak stems. 
* As a means to a knowledge of European opinion concerning the life history and ha 
of this insect, especially with reference to the unsettled question of its relations to nea 
trees, I present an abstract of the foreign articles on the species in the library ot my on 
There are a few others which I have not seen. 
