52 
common within our limits, and two of these are partly wood¬ 
land larvae. It is not too much to say concerning the six spe¬ 
cies above, and quite possibly of all the others, that they form 
the adult in this latitude in late summer and early fall, and 
escape from the earth the following spring and early summer;, 
that they lay their eggs in June and early July,—by preference 
in grass lands, but also in small grain and corn, in strawberry 
plantations, in woodlands, and also in many other situations, 
that these eggs hatch in from ten days to two weeks; and that 
the grubs live in earth for a number of years unknown, but 
seemingly at least for two; - that they may begin to pupate as 
early as the middle of June of the year when they become full 
or own. and may form the first imago m the earth b # A the mid¬ 
dle of August and the last as late as the middle of September, 
but that they very rarely, if ever, pass the winter in the pupa 
state. Grubs active in fall will consequently continue so in 
spring and on at least to early summer; and those active lr 
spring will, if full grown, cease their mischief in June 01 , in tnc 
latest cases, in July. 
They hibernate as beetles from two or three to eight or ter 
inches under ground, or, as grubs, at a depth of one and c 
half or two feet, these last descending to their winter quarter? 
in October and returning in April in average years. 
They are much parasitized in the larval stage, especially b^ 
fungi," and these attacks of fungous disease may bring to a 
speedv termination very serious injuries to crops v hen ih< 
oTubs" become too thick in the earth for their own prosperity 
The insect parasites are the hymenopterous species Oplnon, an< 
a more abundant flv of the family Dexidse (Microphthalwi 
nigra Macq.). 
Practical remedial measures may be applied either to th 
o-rubs in the earth or to the beetles when abroad. As these in 
sects are most abundant in grass lands, they are most likel; 
to attack seriously crops raised the first or second a ear arte 
grass, and it is consequently Arise to turn swine upon meadow] 
or pasture lands presently to be ploAved. The white giub i| 
eagerly sought by pigs, and at the season of year when it is a 
Avork upon the roots of grass is easily within their reach, 
measure will be practically useless, however, under ordinary cn 
cum stances, if resorted to earlier than April or later tna 
October, as in the interval between these months the grubs wi 
be beA'Oiid the reach of pigs, buried in their Avinter quarterd 
That they may be collected by hand in great numbers wne 
plowed up in spring, especially in preparing the ground id 
corn, is a point Avorthy of mention Avlien one takes into a" 
count the very considerable loss which these insects are a linos 
certain to inflict on young corn before they get their growtj 
concentrated as they are, in a clean field, upon the lulls ot cor 
alone. 
— 
* See account of injuries to Mr. Chester’s field, p. 48. 
