30 
Sexes of insects. 
External structure of insects. 
Head and its appendages: thorax and its appendages: abdomen and 
its appendages. 
Capturing and preserving insects. 
Magnifying glasses. 
Instinct of insects. 
Insects from a practical point of view. 
General utility of insects: division according to food: difference of 
food of larva and perfect insect: distinction between noxious and in¬ 
jurious insects: number more important than size: treatment of 
injurious insects. 
Use of learned and scientific terms. 
Classification and nomenclature. 
Division of insects into orders. 
Order Coleoptera. 
External anatomy: larvae and pupa?: Coleoptera from a practical 
point of view: aids in classifying the Coleoptera: classification of 
the Coleoptera: Pentamera: synopsis of Pentamera. 
Introductory Notes—The Canker worm. (Prairie Farmer. March I. 1873, v.. 
44. p. 6o.) 
The cankerworm is obtaining a foothold in Illinois and Wisconsin. Life 
history reviewed. Measures now directed to preventing the female from as¬ 
cending the trees: but this continues through "Such an extended period 
that the results have been largely failures. Perhaps better to fight the 
insect at some other period of its life. 
The Cankerworm Continued and Compared with the Codling Worm. (Prairie- 
Farmer, March 22, 1873. v. 44. p. 89.) 
Compares damages of cankerworm and codling moth. Codling moth 
damages only a part of the fruit and does not injure the tree: the canker- 
worm continues its work till the tree is killed, and being wingless, then 
dies of starvation. In the life history of the cankerworm there is a pe¬ 
riod of about three weeks between egg-laying and hatching. Eggs are 
placed largely on under side of bark-scales on trunk and larger branches. 
Scraping off and burning the loose bark at this time destroys large num¬ 
bers, and those remaining may be killed by powerful applications. Kero¬ 
sene will do this, but must be applied to trees with caution. Hot lye 
may prove more satisfactory. 
Answers to Correspondents. (Prairie Farmer, March 29, 1873. v. 44, p. 97.) 
The Bag Worm sent from New Jersey.—It is distributed throughout 
the Middle and Southern States but not as far north as Chicago or Xew 
England. Habits described. They have a few parasites. The cases should 
be gathered in winter and burned. Infested cities should offer rewards 
for their destruction. 
Eggs of Tussock Moth from Missouri.—Eggs are laid on cocoons, which 
may be easily collected in winter. Caterpillars are solitary, though some¬ 
time numerous enough to nearly defoliate a tree. 
Remedy for Bark Lice. Examine trees daily after the middle of May. 
with a magnifying glass, until young lice are seen crawling. Then wash 
trunk and limbs with lye or strong soap-suds and spray tender twigs with 
a weaker solution of the same. 
Fungi upon Insects. Grubs with a fungus sprouting from the head, 
from Lincoln, Ill. Questions whether fungoid growth in insect is cause or 
consequence of disease. 
The Soldier-Bug and the Codling Worm. — A New Kind of Grub in Apple-tree. 
(Prairie Farmer. April 12, 1873, v. 44, p. 113.) 
Publishes observations of Iowa correspondent on Anna spinosa. It at¬ 
tacked not only potato beetles, but also currant worms and codling moth 
larva 1 , inserting its beak into the burrow of the young larva in the apple- 
The codling moth has but few natural enemies/ 
