34 
u Of the sixteen species injurious to the apple, four belong to the first 
class, namely, the round-headed borer, the codling moth, the cankerworm, 
and the oyster-shell bark-louse. Four belong to the second class—the flat- 
headed borer, the apple curculio, the tent caterpillar, and the apple root- 
louse. The other eight belong to the third class, besides which there is 
a considerable number of minor noxious insects which come into the 
fourth class. 
“Of the five species more or less injurious to the pear, none are of the 
first class, two are of the second class,—the pear flea-louse [Psylla pi/ri) and 
the lined plant-bug ( Phytocoris lineolaris),— and three of the third class. 
“Of the two species injurious to the peach, both are first class; the plum 
and peach curculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar ), and the peach-root borer 
[JEgeria exitiosa ). 
“Of the two species injurious to the plum, one is of the first class—the 
plum curculio, just mentioned; and the other of the second class—the 
plum-gouger ( Anthonomus prunicida). 
“The species injurious to the quince is the quince curculio ( Conotrachelus 
cratcegi). This does not probably rank above the third class. Beside this 
the foliage of the quince is sometimes damaged by several kinds of cater¬ 
pillars, which must be placed in the fourth class. 
“Of the seventeen species injurious to the grape, none can be called first 
class in this country. That is to say, there is no species of insect in this 
country which generally and extensively interferes with the raising of 
this fruit. But in Europe, the grape louse ( Phylloxera vastatrix ) would un¬ 
doubtedly take this rank. Of the seventeen species referred to, scarcely 
more than three can rank as high as the second class. These are the 
steel-blue beetle ( Haltica chalybea), the grape leaf-hopper ( Tettigonia vitis) r 
and the grape root-louse ( Phylloxera vitifolia). The other fourteen, includ¬ 
ing the large sphinx caterpillars, the blue caterpillars of the vine, the 
grape codling, and others, could hardly rank above the third class, though 
with respect to some of them there would probably be a difference of 
opinion even amongst competent judges. 
“Of the four species injurious to the currant, none are of the first class, 
one of the second class, namely, the imported currant saw-fly ( Nematus 
trimaculatus), and three of the third class. In particular localities the im¬ 
ported saw-fly has rendered the raising of currants an impossibility, and 
its damages have therefore attained first-class proportions, but the species 
has not become sufficiently diffused to raise it to a primary iank in a 
general enumeration of injurious insects. 
“Of the three species injurious to the strawberry, two may be admitted 
to the second class—the strawberry crown-borer (Analcis frag arm), and the 
strawberry leaf-roller ( Anchylopera fragarice ); the other species, the straw¬ 
berry black-bug ( Coreomelas pulicaria ), would fall into the third, or even 
fourth class. 
“Of the insects injurious to the blackberry and the raspberry. I have 
placed but one species as high as the second class in point of injurious 
qualities, and this is the raspberry borer ( Saperda [ Oberea] tripunctata). 
“We have not time to specify the twenty-six species referred to as being 
injurious to vegetables. We can only say, in passing, that there is no cul¬ 
tivated vegetable, with the exception, perhaps, of the rhubarb, or pie¬ 
plant, which has not its one, at least, and usually its two or three seri¬ 
ously injurious insect depredators. 
“In the selection of one hundred species of insects most detrimental to 
human interests, we have included fourteen as being injurious to grain. 
These are, of course, the most important of all, for the obvious reason 
that we are dependent upon the production of the several kinds of grain 
not only for our bread, but also, in a great measure, for our meat. It is a 
remarkable fact that though many kinds of insects are more or less injurious 
to grain, probably nine tenths of all the damage done is effected by three 
species, which therefore take the first rank in the list of injurious insects. 
These are the chinch bug ( Micropus leucopteru, s), the Hessian fly ( Cecidomyia 
