ON THE VARIETLES OF VEGETABLE FOOD. 227 
To keep fattening animals at a proper temperature, and to 
prevent them from having much motion, are the best means of 
getting them fat on the smallest amount of food. With respect 
to young stock, gentlemen, the case is different. Here you want 
a large amount of muscle, particularly as respects breeding 
stock ; and I would never advise you to apply, as some parties 
do, the very same system for growing stock as you do for fatten¬ 
ing stock. Depend upon it, that unless the muscles have suffi¬ 
cient action the animal can never be properly developed. In 
the case of breeding stock, for example, you must take care that 
in the first two or three years of life there is a sufficient amount 
of exercise to cause a healthy development of the system. 
There is another point which I must mention in connexion with 
this part of the subject, namely, the different varieties of stock. 
You are all aware that there are great differences between dif¬ 
ferent animals, and that different animals will not fatten equally 
on the same amount of food. You may take it, however, as a 
fact pretty well ascertained, that all the best animals—those 
which are most sought after by practical men—are animals 
whose lungs, liver, and intestines generally are not so largely 
developed as those of the straggling long-legged creatures that 
we sometimes meet with. The lungs and offal of a good animal 
are smaller than those of animals of the last description ; and 
practically this kind of stock is found to answer best. When 
the lungs are small, less air is taken in and less food is consumed. 
When the liver is small, less bile is produced and more fat is 
made; In training horses you should proceed on a plan dia¬ 
metrically opposite to that which you pursue in the case of oxen. 
In the case of horses you want a good development of lungs; 
you require a deep chest for wind, so that the animal may be 
able to endure the greatest speed; and unless a large and con¬ 
stant supply of air be taken in, the muscles cannot produce the 
requisite force. There is one other point which I desire to 
introduce, namelv, ventilation. A certain amount of food is 
consumed every day by men and animals generally, for the pur¬ 
pose of keeping up heat. On referring to this table [turning to 
a diagram] I find that the amount of carbon consumed every 
day by man is 14 oz., by a horse 97 oz., by a cow 70 oz. This 
is actually burnt and consumed every day in keeping up the 
heat. To consume this amount of carbon, man takes in each 
day 27 cubic feet of oxygen from the air, and expires the same 
amount of carbonic acid gas. The cow takes in 137, and the 
horse 190 cubic feet of oxvgen, and expire an equal volume of 
carbonic acid gas. Well, now, gentlemen, experiments have 
proved that the presence of 5 per cent, of carbonic acid gas 
makes the atmosphere a deadly poison ; and if a horse gives 
