TRANSLATIONS FROM CONTINENTAL JOURNALS. 
53 
grooves must have existed in the hippopodes to hold and 
protect from friction the thread which fastened the iron 
plate to the boot. In the fifih century, when the barbarians 
invaded the Roman territories, we find that some of them, as 
for instance the Huns, did not make use of horse-shoes 
( Yegetius ), while those that came from cold countries, 
frequently covered with snow, and where it was necessary to 
have the under surface of the horses’ feet roughened, we meet 
with a very different shoe left on the passing of these hordes 
to those found in the Roman remains. In fact, those found 
near Wiirtzburg in Bavaria, at Chavannes sur le Veyron, 
and in the tomb of Childeric the first King of France, 481, 
are stamped to receive square nails, similar to the frost-nails 
used at the present time. It is therefore not surprising to 
find that these shoes took the place of the fullered or Roman 
shoe, and those barbarians who had before none, generally 
adopted those used in the invaded country; hence the distri¬ 
bution of these two sorts of shoes has been the consequence 
of the appearance of the barbarians from the fifth to the 
eighth century. At this last epoch, the Saracens invaded 
Spain, and introduced there a third form of horse-shoe, which 
also spread over a great part of the Roman empire, and after 
the conquest of the Turks was found even in Transylvania ; 
and indeed wherever the Mussulman had dominion for any 
length of time there have been found traces of these horse¬ 
shoes. In the Duchy of Luxemburg, and the county of 
Treves, the fullered shoes have been replaced by the stamped. 
This, too, has been the case in many parts of Belgium, 
which, in this respect, offers some interesting facts ; as, for 
instance, on the east of Liege, to the extent of several 
leagues, the fullered shoes are still in use; while in the 
surrounding districts it is unknown, and the stamped shoe 
only used. 
{Query. — Have we received the fullered shoe from the 
Romans ; and, if so, at what time?) 
Archiv fur Thierlieilkunde , Zurich, 1859- 
TO CURE EUROR UTERINUS (BULLING) IN THE COW BY 
MANUAL MEANS. 
By R. Zangger. 
The cause of this affection, the author says, is in the ovaries. 
It may affect either one or both, and consists in the formation 
of cysts, which are filled with serum. These vary in size 
