66 
three hundred and fifty eggs, either one by one or in clusters of a 
dozen or more. These eggs may hatch in four days, under favor¬ 
able temperature conditions, and a generation may mature in about 
five weeks. 
The food of this species is not limited to grain, flour, or meal, 
but includes such materials as preserved and dried fruits, peas, 
beans, edible nut-meats, chocolate beans, spices, sugars, yeast cakes, 
and some kinds of dried roots and barks. When infesting grains, 
this caterpillar eats out the embryo, leaving the rest of the kernel. 
A single larva will destroy a dozen or more grains, according to 
its size, and when thus engaged it spins its silk over everything in 
its immediate vicinity. 
The species is found everywhere in the United States-. 
Fumigation with carbon bisulfid or with hydrocyanic acid gas, 
or the use of artificial heat, are the standard measures for the 
destruction of this as of most other insect pests of the . granary, 
and the mill. 
GRANARY BEETLES AND WEEVILS 
The hard-bodied insects known as beetles and weevils differ 
from granary moths in having biting jaws and horny wing-covers 
inclosing the membranous lower wings. They pass thru the same 
stages of development as the moths, but in the young, active stage, 
tho similar to caterpillars, they may be commonly distinguished 
by the absence of abdominal legs. In the third, or pupal, stage, 
they are not protected by a cocoon, and are usually white, with the 
appendages free. Unlike the moths, the adult beetles and their 
larvae usually occur together, feeding on the same substances. 
The Confused Flour-beetle 
(Tribolium confusion Duv.J 
Any small, shining, reddish brown beetle, about an eighth of 
an inch long, crawling about in large numbers in flour, meal, or 
prepared cereals, is almost certainly this insect. It is a flattened, 
oval beetle with the head and upper parts of the thorax densely 
covered with minute punctures, and with the wing-covers ridged 
lengthwise and sparsely punctured between the ridges. Its very 
minute eggs are white. The wormlike larvae are cylindrical, wiry, 
white tinged with yellowish, and about three sixteenths of an inch 
long. The pupa is white. 
Altho this insect is extremely common, living on almost any 
kind of vegetable debris, its life history is imperfectly known. Its 
eggs are said to hatch within six days at most favorable temper¬ 
atures, and the larvae to reach their growth in twenty-four days 
