99 
Translations and Reviews of Continental 
Veterinary Journals. 
By W. Ernes, M.R.C.V.S., London. 
Repertorium cler ThierheiUcunde. 
Edited by Professor Hering, Stuttgardt, 1858. 
CALCULI IN THE BLADDER OE EEMALE DOMESTICATED 
ANIMALS. 
ByM. Straub, Regimental Veterinary Surgeon. 
According to the author, mares are more subject to this 
affection than cows or bitches. In other species of domestic 
females he has not met with it. In the mare there is gene¬ 
rally but one calculus. In the bitch there are usually more 
than one. 
Calculi in the bladder of female domesticated animals, as 
stated by the author, differ in number, size, and structure, 
according to the state of the health of the animals affected. 
Small, smooth ones, when they do not cause obstruction, are 
of very little consequence, and may pass off unnoticed. 
When, however, they have acquired a large size, they partly 
obstruct the orifice of the urethra, and cause considerable 
irritation and frequent contraction of the bladder. Hence 
one of the symptoms is a frequent attempt to urinate. 
This is characteristic of the affection, if by the roughness of the 
stone the bladder is much irritated, The urine often becomes 
slimy, which, in mares, has led to the supposition that they 
are constantly horsing. This mistake is easily made when 
the urine is voided in small quantities, and also when redness 
of the mucous membrane of the vulva is present, which it 
often is in these cases, as also a switching of the tail, and 
other ordinary signs. When the surface of the stone is 
very rough, the urine becomes bloody, and finally clots of 
blood are always found in it. This occurs principally after 
a hard ride, or drawing a heavy load. The animals are then 
found to be very tender over the region of the kidneys; they 
lose their appetite, and the pulse and respiration become 
increased. Ultimately this may lead to inflammation of the 
kidneys. 
The suppression of urine occasioned by a stone in the 
urethra is not so frequent as in the male subject. Long-con¬ 
tinued sojourn of calculi in the bladder causes hypertrophy 
