REARING OF CATTLE. 
515 
there till the end of October, when they are removed to 
the farm, where they are put into yards provided with 
shelter, and about six or eight animals in each yard, into 
which fresh straw is put daily, and the feeding crib is 
frequently moved from place to place in order that the dung 
may be equally made, and get the same trampling and con¬ 
solidation in every part of the yard. Fresh tops of turnips 
are given them daily; and in the early winter the tops 
of mangel wurzel are added. The smallest sized turnips go 
with the tops and form the food of the animals during the 
first winter, when the teeth are weak and the mouth is 
delicate. 
In the first part of the month of May the grass is most 
generally sufficiently grown to afford a bite to pasturing 
animals, and at that time the young cattle, now about one 
year old, are removed to the pasture-fields, which must be 
well fenced and provided with a shelter-shed and an ample 
supply of fresh water. The gates and fences must be made 
very secure and impenetrable, that no damage may happen 
to the cattle in trying to escape by leaping the fences, or 
effecting a passage in any way. The shelter-shed, large 
and roomy, is an indispensable requisite for the purpose of 
protecting the animals against the scorching heats of 
noon-day and the cold storms of wind and rain that occur 
in autumn and in the early part of winter. No part of 
pasturing economy is more necessary. 
About the end of the month of October the declension of 
the herbage and the increasing inclemency of the season render 
it necessary to house the cattle, and they are removed from 
the fields to the farm-yards, and there arranged for the winter 
in smaller lots than during the previous winter, as the size 
of the animals has increased ; six or eight beasts are sufficient 
for one yard. Fresh straw is given them daily in a wooden 
crib, latticed at the sides and bottom, and frequently moved 
from place to place. The mouths of the animals being now 
strong, the bulbs of the turnips are given to them to eat, the 
tops and roots being cut off before they are removed from the 
field where they have grown. This operation is performed 
by a sharp sickle in the hands of persons employed for the 
purpose. Longitudinal cribs, made of latticed planks of 
wood, are placed in the yards, in which the turnips are laid 
every morning by break of day, and where the cattle eat them 
undisturbed. The mud and filth are very carefully removed 
by the shovel every morning before the fresh turnips are 
deposited. The eating of the roots is finished by the time 
when darkness sets in, which prevents any accidents 
