518 
REARING OF CATTLE. 
them need not be attended with the starvation and abuse ot 
the young animal; for it only remains to appropriate a certain 
number of cows for the purpose of suckling the calves. 
House the other part for yielding milk for the dairy. This 
method answers both purposes, and removes the evil that 
results from uniting them, whereby the one defeats the 
purposes of the other. From whatever cause it may arise, 
the fact is certain, that calves fed with milk, by hand from 
the pail, never thrive so well, nor become such fine animals 
as others that are suckled, even though the quantity of milk 
allowed be most ample, and to the full satisfaction of the 
animal. It is wholly useless to search for theory, when the 
fact is so evident and certain. 
The second essential requisite for the profitable rearing 
and fattening of cattle, is the proper accommodation during 
summer and winter, in the different periods of their age 
and growth; for if an ample supply of nutritious food be 
necessary to supply the wants of nature, and to advance 
the healthy maturity, shelter and warmth are not less necessary 
to promote the development of the proper effects of the food 
which the animal consumes. During the period of suckling, 
the calf is confined in a single apartment of ten feet by four, 
or thereabouts; which single confinement prevents any 
annoyance by the animal going and sucking the ears or navel 
of the other, after sucking the dam. A door from the passage 
opens to each apartment. The floor is wooden plank, very 
closely pierced with auger holes, which carry away all moisture, 
and afford a dry bed for the animal. Short straw or chaff 
is the best litter. In the grass paddock, whither they are 
removed from the pens, a shelter-shed is indispensable, and 
an ample supply of good fresh water. The summer pasturage 
must be luxuriant in fields which are well watered and fenced, 
and provided with a shelter-shed opening to the four quarters 
thus affording shelter from every direction. 
The wdnter accommodation requires very particular 
attention. The supply of juicy food must be ample, but not 
nauseating; the littering of the yards must be very frequent, 
in order to keep the yards dry, and the shelter-shed must be 
roomy and warm, with the bottom sloping outwards, to 
prevent the water from standing within it. It is ad¬ 
vantageous that the cattle eat the food under cover, which 
protects both the animal and the food from the inclemency of 
the weather. This purpose will be very easily and con¬ 
veniently effected by roofing over the whole area of a farmery, 
like the terminus of a railway. It promises to be a valuable im¬ 
provement of modern times to place the animals, and every 
