UTILISATION OF SEWAGE. 
565 
being graduated in such a manner (this is given on the 
authority of Dr. Guardia^ of the Academy of Medicine) that 
sixty, and even more, may be performed before death ensues. 
The same authority declares these tortures perfectly useless, 
and that the experiments might just as well be made on dead 
horses. It appears, however, that since Dr. Guardia, with 
honest indignation, denounced those atrocities, some change 
for the better has taken place. Dr. Blatin, the Vice-President 
of the French Society for the Protection of Animals, sa3^s 
that the directors of the veterinary schools have limited the 
experimental studies of their pupils. ‘^At Lyons,, to cite one 
example, the removal of the hoof, which causes frightful 
suffering, is practised upon the living horse only once by each 
pupil, on the day when he passes his examination.^^ This is 
certainly an astonishing stretch of humanity, and it must be 
admitted that Dr. Blatin is not difficult to mollify. He omits, 
however, to inform us of the benefit derived from this fright¬ 
ful act of torture. It is well known that in veterinary 
practice very few serious operations are ever attempted, and 
that in cases of fractures, bad wounds, and really dangerous 
affections, horses are much more usually shot than operated 
upon. Some of the most distinguished living anatomists and 
physiologists of various European countries have condemned 
vivisection as barbarous and unprofitable, and it is certainly 
high time that the law should interfere in France, if not 
altogether to prohibit, at least strictly to regulate and limit 
researches of such questionable benefit, and productive of so 
much torture. The voice of civilisation and of humanity im¬ 
peratively demands it. 
UTILISATION or SEWAGE. 
Baron Liebig furnishes an important paper on the utili¬ 
sation of sewage. Not only, it appears, can an artificial 
manure be brought successfully and economically into com¬ 
petition with the manure of towns and of the fields, but the 
scientific cultivation of the former would have a very appre¬ 
ciable effect on the food markets of the world. England, if 
first it choose, can be much less dependent than she is on the 
corn and meat markets of other countries. Baron Liebig first 
disposes of the fears of the manufacturers and dealers in 
manures:—The sewage question, he says, is most intimately 
connected with the manufacturers of manure; so much so, 
indeed, that the latter may derive from it the greatest profit. 
