ORIGIN AND TRANSFORMATION OF ANIMALS. 
241 
upon which this paper is founded for details of the reproduc¬ 
tive arrangements of the Radiata and intestinal worms; suffice 
it to say that, among all the diversities which they present, 
the author traces the leading facts of his doctrine of genea- 
genesis, and feels justified in arriving at the conclusion that 
gemmiparous or budding reproduction is not able to per¬ 
petuate the species, but that after a given time the formation 
of true eggs becomes necessary. He rejects the partheno¬ 
genesis, or virgin-generation doctrine of Mr. Owen, and sees 
in all the cases to which such an explanation has been ap¬ 
plied illustrations of the methods we have explained. With 
the views of Ur. Carpenter he concurs, regarding oviparity 
or egg generation as entirely distinct from gemmiparity or 
bud generation ; the first demands the concurrence of two 
systems of organs, special and distinct; the second, as Dr. 
Carpenter expresses it, is a multiplication of cells by a pro¬ 
cess of continual growth. All reproduction that does not 
involve the formation of true eggs he regards as phenomena 
of budding, which, in their turn, are phenomena of growth, and 
as the manifestations of growth are limited,the budding process 
has its duration limited also, and can never perpetuate a race. 
M. Quatrefages is, of course, aware of the difficulty of 
proving the intervention of father in all cases of continuous 
reproduction in the insect world. As Ave have seen, the ne¬ 
cessity for such an individual may be postponed for many 
generations, and some naturalists have thought it might be 
permanently dispensed with. It may be asked, is the father 
a constant item in the natural arrangements for the preserva¬ 
tion of species? Bernouilli, Treviranus, Suckow, and Bur- 
meister had observed among several nocturnal moths, and 
Malpighi, Herold, Curtis, and Filippi had noticed among the 
silkworm moths, that females, without any connection with 
the males of their species, could lay fertile eggs, and M. 
Carlier has obtained three virgin generations of the Mjoaris 
dispar 
These observations seemed little favorable to the preten¬ 
sions of the male sex, but subsequent discoveries reasserted 
its importance. M. Zierzon, cure of Carlsmark, in Silesia, a 
man whom M. Quatrefages describes as endowed with a rare 
faculty of observation, declared that while the queen bee 
preserved her virginity intact, she could only lay eggs that 
produced males. He admitted with Huber that the queen 
could receive on a single occasion enough of the fertilising 
fluid to last for several years, but he contended that she could 
decide whether the egg which she laid should be acted upon 
by it or not. In the first case he said a female bee was the 
xxxvi. 16 
