242 ORIGIN AND TRANSFORMATION OF ANIMALS. 
result, and in the latter a male. It appears that with bees 
the union of the two sexes can only occur during flight, 
so that cutting off the wings of a female bee, or a natural 
defect having the same result, will preclude her laying 
fecundated eggs. It also appears that if a married queen is 
exposed to a degree of cold capable of injuring the fecun- 
- dating fluid, or if the communication is stopped between the 
vessel in which she retains it and the canal through which 
the eggs are deposited, she only produces males after such an 
accident, although she had jireviously been producing bees of 
her own sex. In Germany, where bee culture occupies much 
attention, it seems that efforts to produce crosses between 
two races confirmed Zierzon’s ideas. Thus, when local bees 
were cl’ossed with the Ligurian bee, the offspring resembled 
both parents so far as workers and queens were concerned, 
but the male progeny reproduced the maternal type in all its 
purity. Siebold and Leuckart undertook a scientific exami¬ 
nation of the facts thus disclosed by Zierzon and Berlepsch, 
and the result of post-mortem examinations of married and 
unmarried queens, and of the eggs which they produced, 
showed that the cure of Carlsmark was right. 
At this point of the argument the question arises whether 
the unimpregnated eggs are true eggs at all. To answer this 
M. Quatrefages has recourse to the labours of Mr. Huxley in 
reference to the reproduction of the aphides, and he observes, 
^^in the three last chambers of the ovary of the oviparous 
aphis, figured by Huxley, we see the egg in its nascent con¬ 
ditions, represented only by an isolated vesicle of Purkinje, 
very small, but well characterised and already possessing the 
spot of Wagner. This vesicle grows in passing through the 
second chamber, but it is only in the third that it begins 
to surround itself with a vitellus, all the while leaving the 
germinating spot distinct and noticeable .... with the 
viviparous aphis, Huxley describes and figures these pheno¬ 
mena very differently. Here the last chamber of the ovary 
is filled with a pale, homogeneous matter, in which are a dozen 
cells with opaque nuclei.* A portion of this matter is sepa¬ 
rated from the rest by a constriction of the walls of the 
chamber, which becomes more and more pronounced. 
Nothing here resembles the true ^ vesicle of Purkinje,^ or 
the true ‘spot of Wagner,’—the fundamental elements of 
eggs properly so-called.Acting upon this view, M. Quatre¬ 
fages considers the unfecundated eggs to be another form of 
l%id^ and he asks, “is their nature changed because, being 
* “ Dan^) laquelle sont comme nojees uue douzaiiie de cellules a noyau 
opaque.’^ 
