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The forms of the larvae are very different in the different orders; 
some, as most beetles, being true grubs, sometimes with six small 
legs on the first three segments behind the head, while others are 
entirely footless. Others, as the larvae of most Lepidoptera (but¬ 
terflies and moths), are true caterpillars, possessing from ten to 
sixteen legs, and usually a very prominent head. Some larvae are 
without any true head, resembling minute earth worms, while others 
are furnished with a prolongation like a rat-tail. These wide dif¬ 
ferences will enable us to separate them into large groups, easily 
distinguished from each other, but we shall find that in attempting 
to distinguish closely allied species, we shall have to descend to 
most minute details. 
As it will be necessary to use certain scientific terms, to avoid 
much circumlocution, I w r ill mention some here and explain them: 
Stomata. — The little breathing pores along the lower part of the sides, 
one on each side of each segment. 
Stigmatal line. —The line of the stomata or breathing pores. 
Cervical shield .—The hard, horny crust on the back of the first seg¬ 
ment. 
Segments .—The joints or rings into which the body of the worm is 
divided. There are usually 12 besides the head; they are 
numbered from the front backwards, that next the head 
being number 1. The first three are the thoracic segments, 
the remainder, except the last, the abdominal segments, the last 
the anal or caudal segment. 
True or thoracic legs .—Are the first six legs situated on the first three 
segments, two on each segment; they are jointed and provided 
with a claw at the tip. 
Pro-legs or false legs .—Are the thick, fleshy legs with which one or 
more of the abdominal segments of caterpillars are pro¬ 
vided. 
Anal or caudal legs .—Are the thick, fleshy legs with which the last 
or anal segment is often provided, called also abdominal legs. 
True head .—This term is used to designate the head when it can 
be readily distinguished from the joint or segment to wdiich 
it is attached. It is usually horny, smooth and shining. 
Dorsum .—The back or upper portion of the worm when in its natu¬ 
ral position. As generally used, it includes about one-fourth 
of the surface of the body. 
Sides .—These are the lateral portions of the surface between the 
dorsum and the venter; each side occupying about one-fourth 
of the surface. 
Venter .—The under surface, including the portion to which the legs 
are attached. 
Dorsal line or stripe .—A line or stripe running lengthwise along the 
middle of the back. 
Piliferous snots .—Little spots, generally minute, slightly raised pim¬ 
ples, bearing one or more hairs. 
Sub-dorsal —Signifies below, but close to the dorsum. 
Fusiform .—Spindle shaped, sometimes applied to the general form 
of a larva. 
