64 
Nematodes in Elephants 
The cuticle, especially near the head, shows the minute longitudinal 
striations, in addition to the usual transverse striations, which suggested to 
Baird the name clathratum. 
The head (Fig. 4) is almost invariably bent towards the dorsal side, and 
may be roughly described as bullet-shaped. It is nearly as wide at the level 
of the outer papillae as at the back of the auricular appendages. The latter 
(of which there are six, and not five, as stated by Baird) are somewhat 
elongate, with their edges curled inwards so as to form a nearly V-shaped 
aperture, and their “grooves 5 ’ are very wide, and carried on the inner surface. 
The lips (Fig. 4, C) have a median inward projection on their opposed edges, 
with deep incisions on either side of it, so that the outline of the mouth is 
somewhat X-shaped. The cervical papillae are situated in little cuticular pits, 
from which their minute bristle-like terminations project. 
The caudal papillae of the male (Figs. 5, 6) are distinctly asymmetrical, 
the group of four preanal papillae on the left side being much more widely 
separated than those on the right, so that the most posterior of the group 
lies at the level of the cloaca. The terminations of the anterior postanal 
Fig. 7. Parabronema africanum. Terminal portion of vagina, v , vulva. 
papillae do not quite reach the mid-ventral line of the tail. The two termina¬ 
tions of the median preanal papilla appear to be situated close together near 
the middle line. The left spicule is more than four times as long as the right. 
The tail of the female is conical, with a rounded tip. Caudal papillae have 
not been observed. The vulva is situated either just behind or just in front of 
the posterior end of the oesophagus. The U-shaped bend of the vagina (Fig. 7) 
occurs at about 1-1*2 mm. from the vulva. Behind this point the vagina 
becomes narrower, still running straight backwards, and gradually widening, 
for a further distance of about 3*2 mm. before giving off the uterine branches, 
the course of which is probably similar to that described for P. indicum. 
Host. The type-material was collected by Dr Murie from the stomach of 
a young African elephant (Elephas africanus) which died in London in 1867. 
3. Parabronema smithii (Cobbold). 
Filaria smithii Cobbold (1882), p. 237; Text-figs. 6-7; PI. XXIV, figs. 7-10. 
Filaria smithii Mitter (1912), p. 113; PL, Figs, e — g. 
Spiroptera smithi Railliet, Henry and Bauche (1914), p. 210 (nec Filaria smithi Sambon, 1907). 
For measurements see Table , p. 65. 
Practically the only distinctive features for this species that can be gathered 
from Cobbold’s description are those of size. As has been pointed out above, 
