M. Koidzumi 
237 
Grassi gave revised descriptions of the organisms studied by him up to that 
date. The host insects which he had examined were Calolermes Jlavicollis and 
Termes lucifugus, and the organisms were referred to seven genera, viz. 
Joenia , Trichonympha, Microjoenia, Monocercornonas, Dinenympha , Pyrso- 
nympha , and Holomasligotes, three of these being marked as new 1 . 
Three years prior to the appearance of the above work of Grassi and 
Sandias, Simmons (1890) described the organisms harboured by termites in 
Calcutta (genera and species not mentioned). He did not give names to the 
intestinal protozoa, and his descriptions are not sufficiently detailed for it to 
be possible now to determine their systematic position. His paper is of 
interest, however, as it constitutes the first record of the occurrence of 
protozoa in Asiatic termites. In 1891, Frenzel described a form referred to 
a new genus, Leidyonella, found in Eutermes inquilinus of the Argentine. 
A work by Porter, dealing with the forms previously studied by Leidy, 
appeared in 1897, and largely enriched our knowledge of their structure. 
All the above-mentioned works were concerned with morphology alone, and 
no account of the mode of multiplication and development, based upon accurate 
observations, was given until 1904, when there appeared a description of the 
multiplication of Joenia by Grassi and Foa, and of Trichonyynpha by Foa. In the 
following year, Foa (1905) described two forms belonging to new genera, Calo- 
nympha and Devescovina. In 1910 a form wrongly referred to a new genus, 
Lophophora, was reported from Italy by Comes ( vide infra), and Dobell also 
described a form from Ceylon, establishing a new genus Gymnonympha for it. 
In the same year appeared a work by Hartmann (1910), embodying the results 
of his studies on the organisms harboured by Coptotermes hartmanni of Brazil, 
and some theoretical considerations based upon his studies. He distinguished 
three forms and interpreted them as the young, the male, and the female of 
a species called Trichonympha hertwigi. With regard to the position of these 
peculiar organisms in the system of the protozoa, two different views pre¬ 
vailed at that time, some authors classifying them under the Mastigophora. 
while others placed them among the Ciliata. In the above-mentioned work, 
Hartmann attempted to establish a new division, Trichonymphida. inde¬ 
pendent of both the Mastigophora and the Cdiata. This work, however, was 
soon followed by a paper by Grassi and Foa (1911), pointing out that 
Hartmann’s memoir contains many careless judgments and erroneous con¬ 
ceptions. They disapproved of Hartmann’s view of the relationship of the 
three types which he described, and Grassi established two new genera, 
Pseudotrichonympha and Holomastigotoides, for the forms taken by Hartmann 
for “males” and “females” respectively (“male” and “female” misprinted 
in reverse in the original, and corrected afterwards). They did not, moreover, 
accept the view of Hartmann as regards the systematic position, and insisted 
upon their old classification of the organisms among the flagellates. In this 
1 Namely, Joenia , Microjoenia, and Holomasligotes. But it should be noted that the first 
of these was really named by Grassi in 1885, and the other two in 1892. 
