272 
Intestinal Protozoa in Termites 
8 to 16. The direction of the spiral is dexiotropic, as in Microspironymphci , 
and thus the opposite of that in Pseudotrichonympha 1 . 
The surface of the body—covered by a well-developed periplast, as men¬ 
tioned above—appears to be smooth, but good preparations reveal the 
existence of fine ridges running spirally in parallel with the bands of granules. 
The ridges and flagella in this organism are in close connexion, just as in the 
body of Teratonympha. The ridges are sharply pointed, though but little 
elevated, and are inclined strongly backwards, so that a shallow and narrow 
groove is formed behind each of them. The bands of granules are localized 
at the bottom of the grooves, and rather deep in the endoplasm, so that a small 
portion of the root of each flagellum is embedded in the protoplasm (PI. XIII, 
fig. 53 b). The flagella are numerous and fairly long in this species, measuring 
20-30 fji. Not only are the roots of the flagella embedded in the endoplasm, 
but their basal portions are also fixed on the surface of the body, just as in 
Teratonympha : they run backwards, lying fixed on the surface, until they 
reach the vicinity of the summit of the next ridge, where they become free. 
The ridges are commonly found depressed on the surface, so that the grooves 
behind them almost disappear and the characteristic structure is liable to 
escape the observer’s eye. 
The posterior end of the animalcule, somewhat metabolic as compared 
with the anterior, is destitute of spiral bands, as mentioned already, but is 
not naked. Here there are a large number of fine filaments, distributed 
thickly on the surface. They appear like cilia, but are distinguishable from 
the latter in several points. They seem brittle, less pliant than ordinary cilia, 
and slightly wavy. They are thickest at the middle portion and taper slightly 
towards both ends, and no structures such as basal granules are noticeable 
at their points of attachment. When observed in motion in the fresh state, 
they do not undulate together like ordinary cilia, but are swung independently 
in a peculiar manner, like fairly flexible filaments fixed at one end. It is 
possible that they are peculiar appendages like those described in Parajoenia 
by Janicki (1915), or they may be adherent micro-organisms, such as are 
often seen on other trichonymphids. They are slightly thicker and shorter 
than the flagella on the body wall. In the Brazilian species the posterior end, 
destitute of bands, seems narrower than in our forms; but in H. hemigymnum 
of Grassi, on the contrary, it is very wide. In these two species the posterior 
portion is apparently free from any appendages. Grassi described an area 
covered by “motionless cilia” (stereocilia) at the hind end of H. mirabile — 
his figure showing similar arrangements to those just described in H. hartmanni. 
The greater part of the body of H. hartmanni is invested by a fairly tough 
periplast as described above. The endoplasm is specially compact under the 
body wall and is distinguished as a clear zone from the main portion, which 
is of looser constitution, and usually contains a large quantity of food debris. 
1 The spirals are drawn as right-handed by Grassi, and partly as right-handed and partly 
as left-handed by Hartmann—the latter being doubtless incorrect. 
