403 
G. H. F. Nuttall 
practised medicine for a brief period only. In 1808 he became full Professor 
of Medicine at Greifswald and in 1810 he went to Berlin as Professor of 
Anatomy and Physiology. He died in Berlin, 29 November, 1832. 
Rudolphi acquired a remarkably broad training in natural science. His 
publications related to Botany, Zoology, Anatomy, Pathology, Physiology, 
Mineralogy, Veterinary Science and Medicine. In Berlin he made extensive 
additions to the collections of comparative anatomy, etc. His helminthological 
collections are preserved at the Berlin Zoological Museum. He was a most 
distinguished teacher and a man of stimulating character. 
Rudolphi’s work in helminthology was of fundamental importance and 
stands out as his most valuable contribution to science. His chief publication, 
entitled Entozoarum historia naturalis (1808-1810) in 3 vols., has served for hel¬ 
minthology in a manner that may be compared to that of Linnaeus s Systema 
Naturae in its bearing on systematic zoology. Rudolphi was the first to put hel¬ 
minthology upon a scientific basis. His Synopsis entozoorum appeared in 1819. 
For a full biography see Liihe (1900): “Karl Asmund Rudolphi der Vater 
der Helminthologie,” Arch, de Parasitologie, hi. 549-577, with portrait and 
facsimile of his writing. For a bibliography of Rudolphi’s helminthological 
papers see Stiles and HassalPs Index. The portrait we reproduce is from a 
contemporary engraving. 
Johannes Mhller 
1801-1858. 
(Portrait-plate VI, follows V.) 
Born 14 July, 1801, at Coblenz, Johannes Muller, the son of a shoemaker, 
died 28 April, 1858, in Berlin, as Professor, and was recognised throughout 
the world of science as one of the greatest of biologists. He studied theology 
at Bonn (1819) and afterwards medicine, winning a prize for his first 
essay entitled Respiration of the foetus (1823), after which he went to Berlin 
to pass his examination and there fell under the influence of Rudolphi. 
He became Privatdocent at Bonn (1824), and, on Rudolphi’s death, he went 
to Berlin (1833) as Director of the Anatomical School and Museum. He 
taught anatomy (human and comparative), pathology and physiology. Funda¬ 
mental were his researches on glands. With Purkinje, he was the first to 
apply the microscope to the study of animal tissues and, helped by his pupils, 
he laid the foundations of modern histology. Muller was the first to recognise 
‘‘connective tissue.” 
In the course of 25 years Muller published no less than 200 papers. Hi^ 
contributions to parasitology relate to Hirudo vulgaris, Ixodes ophiophilus 
•Muller; he discovered the Myxosporidia and Entoconcha mirabilis, a remark¬ 
able parasitic snail occurring in the body-cavity of Synapta digitata, a Holo- 
thurian. 
For biography see Liihe (1902), Arch, de Parasitologie, v. 95-117; refer¬ 
ences to publications will be found in Stiles and Hassall’s Index. A bronze 
