405 
Gr. H. F. Nuttall 
history from childhood. In 1770 he became a resident pupil for two years in 
the house of John Hunter who greatly influenced him. He studied at St 
George’s Hospital and began to practise medicine in 1/ / 3 at Berkeley. He 
published some papers on natural history, became F.R.S. in 1788 and M.D. 
(St Andrew’s) in 1792. 
Owing to a local belief, known to him from childhood, that dairy-maids 
escape smallpox, he sought to test the belief by experiment. On 14 May, 1796, 
he vaccinated a boy of eight with cowpox, produced cowpox, and on 1 July 
he inoculated the boy with smallpox with negative result. In June, 1798, he 
published his first account of his observations and conclusions: An Inquiry 
into the Cause and Effect of Variolae Vaccinae, etc. In 1802 he received a 
grant of £10,000 and in 1806 one of £20,000 for his discovery. Oxford con¬ 
ferred the degree of M.D. (hon. causa) upon him in 1813. Dibdin, in his 
Reminiscences , says: “I never knew a man of a simpler mind or of a warmer 
heart than Dr Jenner.” 
For biography see John Baron (1838), Life of Edward Jenner , 2 vols., also 
Diet. National Biogr. xxix. 321-324. Portraits: (1) by Sir Thos. Lawrence, 
(2) by James Northcote, R.A. (in the National Portrait Gallery), (3) marble 
statue in Gloucester Cathedral, (4) bronze statue in Kensington Gardens, etc. 
Richard Owen 
1804-1892. 
(Portrait-plate IX.) 
Richard Owen, distinguished as a biologist, comparative anatomist and 
palaeontologist, was born 20 July, 1804, at Lancaster, and died at Sheen Lodge, 
Richmond Park, on 18 December, 1892; he lies buried at Ham in Surrey. 
He studied medicine at Edinburgh and St Bartholomew’s, and became Curator 
of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. In 1834—1835 he was 
Professor of Comparative Anatomy, lecturing at St Bartholomew’s and at the 
Royal College of Surgeons. In 1856 he became Superintendent of the Natural 
History Department of the British Museum, but continued teaching. A 
Fellow of the Royal Society, he was created K.C.B. in 1884. 
He published about 400 contributions to science, these concerning “ almost 
every class of animal from sponge to man”; his essay on Parthenogenesis 
(1849) represented pioneer work. His parasitological papers (see Stiles and 
Hassall’s Index of Vet. and Med, Zool, 1908, pp. 1620-1623) deal with Trichina 
spiralis, which he named in 1835, Linguatula, Distoma, Taenia, Gnathostoma, 
etc. 
For his biography see Rev. Richard Owen (1894), The Life of Richard Owen 
by his grandson...including an essay by Huxley, London, 8°, 409 pp., figs, and 
pis. Of his many portraits we reproduce the upper part of that by H. G. Pickers- 
gill, R.A., which was presented in 1893 by Owen’s daughter-in-law to the 
National Portrait Gallery in accordance with his wish. 
