224 
Account of a visit to Vup'pa doung. 
[No. 3, 
tion has removed all traces of the vent and left a solid projecting 
mass, with a shelving top. It is precipitous on every side, and all 
my endeavours to climb it were useless, for although, in one place, 
I reached within about 100 feet of the top, I could not get higher 
without a ladder. The Burmese said that formerly it could be scaled, 
but some rocks had since fallen down, and now they could only get 
up by means of bamboos. As I had so little time, I would not waste 
it by waiting to make a ladder, but went on to examine the beds 
forming the scarp already referred to as surrounding the mountain. 
The results, which I only made out clearly on the following morning 
on my way down from the mountain, when returning to Pagan, were 
the following. 
The great terrace consists of sands and sandy clays generally 
horizontal, but occasionally disturbed, probably by dykes, which 
# 
abound in the neighbourhood of Toung-gala and in some other places. 
On the top is a cap, varying in thickness, of ash beds and lava flows. 
This cap is beautifully seen on some small outliers detached from the 
terrace and called Toung-tliong-loon (the three hills) which lie 
about three miles west of the village of Puppa, and consist of sand 
with a covering thirty or forty feet thick of volcanic ashes, upon 
which rests lava of about the same thickness. All of these lavas 
are of the same character as the rock of Toung-gala, but less dis¬ 
tinctly crystallized.* From opposite the most southerly of the 
Toung-thong-loon, a valley excavated by a stream, the head-waters 
of which supply the village of Puppa with water, extends for some 
distance into the hill, and its precipitous sides, where not concealed 
by tatees, shew the fine section given beneath. The thickness assign¬ 
ed to each bed is only approximate, as the sides of the valley were, 
in most places, too nearly vertical to be accessible. 
1. Lava of variable thickness capping the whole. 
2. Soft sands and sandy clays, yellow and greenish 
with black specks ; micaceous, about . 80 feet. 
* I am not quite certain whether the mineral I have called augite may not 
be hornblend. A few detached crystals which I found among the ash beds near 
the top of the mountain had the crystalline form of the latter mineral. The 
mass of the lava is grey and somewhat resembles phonolite, but is beautifully 
marked by the black augite (or hornblend) crystals. It would be a beautiful 
stone for ornamental purposes. 
