1862.] Account of a visit to Puppa doling. 225 
3. White sandy bed abounding in fragments of 
pumice to which its colour is due. Wanting 
on the South side of the valley ; on the North 
about, . 15 feet. 
4. Volcanic ash containing quartz pebbles, thicker 
on the South side of the valley than on the 
North, . 5 to 15 „ 
5. Ferruginous gravel and sandy clay, containing 
quartz pebbles of small size, and numerous 
concretions of peroxide of iron, the iron ore 
of the country. Variable in thickness, . 1 to 4 „ 
6. Coarse sand mostly yellowish with white specks. 
It contains pebbles in places. Upwards of 100 seen. 
It is evident that the ash bed, No. 4, is of the same general age as 
the sands above and below, and that it was deposited in water is 
clear from its containing quartz pebbles. There can, therefore, be 
no doubt that it records an eruption of the mountain, perhaps with 
an east wind blowing, at the time when the lake or estuary, which 
then surrounded Puppa, was being gradually filled up by sandy 
deposits. There can be also little question as to the identity of the 
beds of the above section with the sands and conglomerates con¬ 
taining fossil wood and mammalian bones at Yenankhyoung, Pagan, 
&c. Fragments of fossil wood evidently derived from these deposits 
are found about Puppa, and to complete the evidence, I found a piece, 
not rolled as such blocks are in the more recent gravels, in situ in 
the ash bed itself. 
The period during which Puppa was in action was therefore, in 
parts at least, not later than that of the deposition of beds contain¬ 
ing remains of Elephas, Mastodon, Pliinoceros, Hippopotamus, and 
Ruminants. The geological age of these beds has, with some doubt, 
been considered to be Miocene, but from their general fauna, and 
especially from the abundance of bones of Bos and Cervus, a more 
recent date may, I think, with at least equal probability, be assigned 
to them. There can be no question but that the fires of Puppa 
have long been extinct ; its thick coating of jungle and grass, and the 
existence upon it of species of plants and animals, which, for want 
of a suitable habitat, cannot exist in any neighbouring locality, and 
the evidence of the effects of subaerial denudation on its surface, 
2 g'2 
