1862.] 
The Ch&rvalca System of Philosophy. 
375 
the necessary shadow that the human mind flings as it advances,— 
the slave set to warn the conqueror in the triumphal procession ? 
We now proceed to give a literal translation of Madhava’s 
account of the s} r stem from the Sarva-dars'ana Sangraha. 
The Charvaka doctrine. 
We have said in our preliminary invocation “ salutation to S'iva, the 
abode of eternal knowledge, the storehouse of supreme felicity,” but 
how can we attribute to the Divine Being the giving of supreme 
felicity, when such a notion has been utterly abolished by Clrarvaka, 
the crest-gem of the atheistical school, the follower of the doctrine 
of Brihaspati ? The efforts of Charvaka are indeed hard to be eradicat¬ 
ed, for the majority of living beings hold by the current refrain, 
While life is yours, live joyously, 
None can escape Death’s searching eye ; 
When once this frame of ours they burn, 
How shall we e’er again return? 
The mass of men, in accordance with the S'astras of policy and 
enjoyment* considering wealth and desire the only ends of man, and 
denying the existence of any thing belonging to a future world, are 
found to follow only the doctrine of Charvaka. Hence another name 
for that school is Lokayata,—a name well accordant with the thing 
signified.f 
In this school the four elements, earth, &c., are the original principles, 
—from these alone when transformed into the body, intelligence is 
produced, just as the inebriating power is developed from the mixing 
of certain ingredients,]: and when these are destroyed, intelligence at 
once perishes also. They quote the S'ruti for this (Brihad Xrany. 
Up. If. 4. J2.), “ springing forth from these elements, itself solid 
knowledge, it is destroyed when they are destroyed,—after death no 
* See Dr. Hall ’3 preface to the Yasavadatta, p. 11. 
f “ S'ankara, JJhaskara, and other commentators name the Lokayatikas, and 
these appear to be a branch of the Sect of Charvaka” (Colebrooke). Lokayata 
may be etymologically analysed as ‘prevalent in the world’ (lolca, and ayataj. 
Laukayatika occurs in Panini’s ukthagana. 
+ Kinwa is explained as “ a drug or seed used to produce fermentation in the 
manufacture of spirits from sugar, bassia, &c.” Colebrooke quotes from S'an¬ 
kara : “The faculty of thought results from a modification of the aggregate ele¬ 
ments in like manner as sugar with a ferment and other ingredients becomes an 
inebriating liquor; and as betel, areca, lime and extract of catechu chewed toge¬ 
ther, have an exhilarating property not found in those substances severally. 
