376 
The Ohdrvalca System of Philosophy. 
[No. 4, 
intelligence remains.”* Therefore the soul is only the body distin¬ 
guished by the attribute of intelligence, since there is no evidence 
for any soul distinct from the body, as such cannot be proved, since 
this school holds that perception is the only source of knowledge and 
does not allow inference, &c. 
The only end of man is enjoyment produced by sensual pleasures. 
Nor may you say that such cannot be called the end of man as they 
are always mixed with some kind of pain,—because it is our wisdom 
to enjoy the pure pleasure as far as we can, and to avoid the pain 
which inevitably accompanies it; just as the man who desires fish, 
takes the fish with their scales and bones, and having taken as many 
as he wants, desists ; or just as the man who desires rice, takes the 
rice, straw and all, and having taken as much as he wants, desists. 
It is not therefore for us, through a fear of pain, to reject the plea¬ 
sure which our nature instinctively recognises as congenial. Men 
do not refrain from sowing rice, because forsooth there are wild 
animals to devour it ; nor do they refuse to set the cooking-pots on the 
fire, because forsooth there are beggars to pester us for a share of the 
contents. If any one were so timid as to forsake a visible pleasure, 
he would indeed be foolish like a beast, as has been said by the poet, 
The pleasure which arises to men from contact with sensible objects 
Is to be relinquished as accompanied by pain,—such is the reasoning of 
fools ; 
The berries of paddy, rich with the finest white grains, 
What man, seeking his true interest, would fling away, because covered with 
husk and dust ?f 
If you object, that, if there be no sucli thing as happiness in a 
future world, then how will men of experienced wisdom engage 
in the agnihotra and other sacrifices, which can only be performed 
with great expenditure of money and bodily fatigue?—your objection 
cannot be accepted as any proof to the contrary, since the agnihotra, 
&c., are only useful as means of livelihood, for the Veda is tainted by 
the three faults of untruth, self-contradiction and tautology then 
* Of course S'ankara, in his commentary, gives a very different interpretation, 
applying it to the cessation of individual existence when the knowledge of the 
Supreme is once attained. Cf. S'abara’s Comm. Jaimini b’ut. i. i. 5. 
t I take as here equal to —Cf. Atharva Y. xi. 3, 5. Jiycf- 
vi J 
X See Nyaya Sutras, IL 57. 
