parts of Africa as well as Pvussia, India, Malaya, and Australia. Birds are 
believed to be the principal vertebrate hosts and Culex mosquitoes, the vector. 
Sindbis has been isolated from birds in Egypt, South Africa, and India. Anti¬ 
body in northward migrating birds captured in C 3 rprus in 1968 indicates that 
these birds may have played a role in the enzootic epidemiology of the virus 
somewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. There is no evidence from this study that 
migrating birds actually transport Sindbis virus. 
Ingwavuma has been isolated in India from a paddy bird and in Natal, 
South Africa from mosquitoes-and from the Spectacled Weaver ( Hyphanturgus 
ocularius ). In Cyprus Ingwavuma was isolated from a Spotted Flycatcher 
( Muscicapa striata )^ Mercer (1969). The Spotted Flycatcher breeds in Europe 
and winters in southern Africa. The site of the South African isolations 
lie well within the range of the Spotted Flycatcher, suggesting that the Spotted 
Flycatcher may have transported the virus from an enzootic area in South Africa 
to Cyprus. 
Kemerovo virus was first isolated from the blood of a migratory Redstart, 
Phoenicurus phoenicurus , in Egypt during 1961 and was subsequently recognized 
by Russian workers (Chumakov et al , 1963) as the probable cause of a febrile, 
non-paralytic tick-borne illness in Siberia. It cannot be categorically stated 
that the migrating Redstart was infected in Siberia and traveled to Egypt, al¬ 
though it is a possibility since large numbers of Redstarts nest in Siberia. 
Uukuniemi is another tick-bome virus which is believed to involve birds 
in its enzootic cycle in Northern Europe. A related virus, EgAnl825-61 was iso¬ 
lated from the blood of Phylloscopus trochilus by Dr. Jack Schmidt in Egypt in 
1963 during southward migration. Since there are no known foci of Uukuniemi- 
related viruses in Africa, it is assumed that the virus in southward migrants 
fails to become established. Nevertheless, this potential should be recognized. 
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