DAVIS: THE HARVARD GEOGRAPHICAL MODELS. 105 
sea, leaving the land far out of sight behind him. Where harborage 
is found, settlements spring up; thus villages come to lie near that 
point in a valley door where the advancing sea halted. Hundreds 
of examples might be given of settlements thus located. The 
promontories are less attractive for occupation than the ridges of 
the first model; for they are now bordered by the sea on either 
side, and thus somewhat isolated from the rest of the region : 
connection with the interior must be made by following the crest 
line, or along side-hill roads, difficult of construction and mainte¬ 
nance. The islands are still more out of the way; easily reached 
across the quiet inner waters; storm beaten and almost unapproach¬ 
able on the outer side ; allowing the development of only isolated 
communities at the best. The mountains in the background are a 
little more approachable than in the first model, for on account of 
standing at a less height, their climate has been somewhat tempered, 
and the snow fields and glaciers have therefore been a little reduced 
in area. 
Southwest Ireland and northwest Spain offer typical illustrations 
of half-drowned valleys on a mountainous coast. It is coming to 
be the practice among European geographers to give the Spanish 
name, ria, to a branching bay thus formed, fiord being reserved 
for arms of the sea whose inner waters are deeper than those at 
their mouth. In Spain, the rias of Vigo, Pontevedra, Arosa, Muros 
and Noya, and Corcubion lie south of Cape Finisterre; the rias of 
Camarillas, Corme and Lago, Coruna, Ares, Ferrol, and Cedeira follow 
to Cape Ortegal; and others lie further east. Most of these bays are 
named after towns on sheltered harbors on their sides or near their 
heads. The dangers of the headlands between them are well known 
to navigators. Crossing to Ireland, Long Island, Dunmanus, 
Bantry, Kenmare, Ballinskellig, and Dingle bays lie between bold 
mountainous headlands. The headlands are cut back into formid¬ 
able cliffs, and fronted by stacks and skelligs. The bay heads are 
continued by delta-like plains, filled in by the rivers. There are the 
settlements, Avliile the mountains are sparsely occupied. 
The leading features of the geography of Greece may be briefly 
expressed by describing it as a mountainous land, which has stood 
up to its knees in the Mediterranean long enough to have delta 
plains of considerable size built in the bay heads between the 
promontories. Thereupon follows a great part of the individuality 
of various communities which early occupied the lowlands enclosed 
