GRABAU : MONILOPORIDAE. 
421 
Abnormal deformations. Deformations which are not due to 
the normal method of growth, as in the case of the interfering coral- 
lites, are chiefly due to abnormal interferences, which caused 
irregular growth, and to injuries and the repairing of the injured 
portion. Plate 4, fig. 13, shows an irregularity of budding probably 
due to some external interfering influence; PI. 4, fig. 14, shows a 
single bud only, the left one having either been broken away or not 
developed. In either case the normal opening was completely 
closed. What appears like a pathologic growth, resulting prob¬ 
ably from injury to the polypite, is shown in PI. 4, fig. 15; here 
the left branch ends with a sudden constriction and a short conico- 
tubular prolongation, which terminate the branch while still in an 
adolescent condition. The injury to the polypite apparently caused 
a diminution in growth power, and hence in the power of secreting 
the corallite. The result was the diminutive end, and the loss of the 
power to give out buds and build a normal calyx. Another case of 
irregular growth, which seems to have been due to early injuries is 
that represented in PI. 4, fig. 16. In this specimen a marked 
irregularity appears in the procumbent portion of the tube which 
seems due to an injury and a breaking of the tube, with a subse¬ 
quent reparation. The normal calyx of the tube is low, and from 
it proceed two normal buds, one on each side. What is clearly a 
later addition to the calyx appears above the normal rim of the 
calyx, arising from it in a manner similar to that shown in many 
rugose corals, and which is commonly attributed to a rejuvenescence 
of the polyp. From this second calicinal ring a bud is given off on 
the right, which rests directly on the corresponding bud of the 
normal calyx, two buds thus appearing on one side of the calyx and 
one on the other. The explanation of this anomaly seems to be, 
that the normal right-hand branch suffered an injury, which may 
have extended even to the central polypite, so as to cause a tempo¬ 
rary cessation of growth. With the resumption of growth, a new 
bud was put forth in place of the injured one. 
A specimen which throws considerable light on the relationships 
of the two species C. dichotoma and C. distorta is represented in 
PI. 4, fi gs. 17, 18. This is attached to a branch of the bryozoan 
Taeniopora exigua, The older portion of this corallum probably 
represents an initial tube, though this cannot be proved, since the 
earliest portion is broken away. What remains of the first tube 
\ 
lias the characteristic form of attached specimens of C. distorta, 
