JUNE. 
181 
training trees is very conducive to fruitfulness, owing to the drooping 
position the branches are made to assume, which has a tendency to check 
the upward flow of sap, and consequently lessen the spurious growths 
Conical Standard. Fig. 9, or Qup.nouille, as it is termed, is a 
system that first originated in France, but requires to be modified to 
suit this climate, as the Pear and other fruit trees grow stronger and 
are less fruitful with us, owing to a lower temperature and moist 
atmosphere. 
The French mode does not admit of the pendant shoot extending 
downwards farther than from one branch to the other ; however well 
this mode may suit the climate of France, it will not answer here, 
except for a few free-bearing varieties ; the excessive growth of summer 
shoots cannot be avoided; to obviate this, the branches should be 
allowed to extend downwards till they finish their growth, which will 
be arrested by the formation of fruit buds at their extremities. 
To form a conical tree, as shown at fig. 9, choose young and healthy 
plants, with straight clean stems, about 2J- feet in height; shorten the 
leading shoot, and encourage five lateral shoots, to form the first tier of 
branches and one leader, which must be again headed at two feet from 
the first set of shoots, when other five shoots are selected; and, supposing 
the first set of branches to be tied to the hoop at the base of the tree, 
the second will extend to the hoop also, training them alternate with the 
