152 
REPORT— 1847. 
was 64- per cent.; and when the head was reduced to ten inches it gave 58 
per cent, of tJie power expended, notwitiistanding the great immersion of 
the machine. 
In the ye.ar 1837 M. Fourneyron erected a 'rurbine at St. Blasier (St. 
Blaise), in the Black Forest of Baden, for a fall or column of water of 
seventy-two feet (twenty-two metres). 'I'he wheel is made of cast-iron wiib 
wrought-iron buckets ; it is .nbom twenty indies in diameter, .ind wriiitlt! 
about 105 pounds; it is said to he equal to Glly-six horses' |wwer, and w 
give a usclu! effect equnl to 70 or 75 per cent- of the water-power em¬ 
ployed. It drives a spinning-null belonging to M. d'Eiehial. A second 
Turbine at the same establishment is worked by a column of water of IM 
metres or SS I- feet high, which is brought into the machine by cast-iron 
pipes of eighteen inches diameter of tho ’local me.isure, or about ICi inches 
Fnglisl). riie diameter of the walcr.wherl is 14J, or about thirteen inches 
Knglish, and it is said to expend n cubic foot of water per second; probs- 
bly the expenditure may be somewhat jnore ilian this. The width of the 
water-wheel across the face is *23.5, or Jess than a quarter of an inch. It 
makes from 2200 to 2300 revolutions per minute; and on the end of the 
spindle or upright shaft of the 'I'urhino. is a bevelled pinion of nineteeu teelH 
vvorking into tvvo wheels on the right and left, each <if which has 300 teeth: 
these give motion to the machinery of the factory, and drive 8000 water 
spindles, roving frames, carding cngiiie.«s, cleansers, and other accessories, 
ihe useful ellect is reported to bo from 80 to 85 per cent, of the theoreti¬ 
cal water-power. TJie water is filtered at the reservoir before it enters the 
conduit pipes; and it is important to notice ihiK, since the apertures of dis 
ch^ge m the water-wheel are so small as to be easily obstructed or choked. 
Ihe '*'‘'Uer enters the buckets in the direction of the tangent to the Inst 
element of the guide curves, which is a tangent to the first element of the 
curved buckets. 'Ihe water ought to press steadily against the curved 
buckets, entering them without shock or impulse, and quitting tliera with¬ 
out velocity, m order to obtain the greatest useful effect, otherwise a portinn 
o t e waters power roust be wasted or expended without uroduemg useful 
effect on the wheel. The Plates show a section of this Turbine, anda 
quadrant of Its water-wheel of the natural or full size. 
It is difficult to imagine that a tnaebine so small as this can give motion 
.L. cotton mill on so large a scale : Professor Ruhlmann says, 
• 1 actually doing so, he could not for some time credit the 
-c* ^ sensea; and although he went on purpose to examine it, his 
astonishment prevented him from comprehending, iu the first instance, that 
the fact was really as it appeared. 
he general application of the sie.im-engine as the moving power for 
t‘> a great extent superseded the use of w.^ter-power, and 
.T!"; /i “ neglected in Hngland. There are many placid' 
. ^ of water ore found, and where 
Dn.i>irA ° ^ f,'rounil affords facilit}e.s for making reservoirs, so as to 
com,,., si’PpJy. "'f'cre the height of the column of water ro=y 
Prei-nr T ‘ volume. Ill such situations die High 
imr fi.rlei • oppbtrd Willi julvuntage for grinding corn, work- 
nig .resiling maeh.noa, or for crushing ore and other purposes. 
but llttl! ?n i" 'vhich agreat volume of water rolls with 
the Low pI ’ of only nine inches, 
Tl i nrbinc has done good service. 
'ere is also another application of water-power which has been much 
