ON ETHNOLOGY. 
335 
tween the formation of the accusative in the lndo*Germanic languages and 
in Bengali. An accusative formed by means of a syllable like ke^ seems to 
be quite foreign to the genius of these languages. The resemblance which 
is found in the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon declension, in which there is a h for 
the accusative termination of personal pronouns, is not admissible, because 
the origin of this termination is funnilcd on linguistical rules, so essentially 
Germanic, that it is not possible to apply the same rules to an Indian dialect. 
There is however some utility to be drawn from this coinpuriaon, fur we see 
that Gothic accusatives (7ni*A;s=r/<e, .ire derived from 
tlieir pronominal roots by means of the same j^iarticle as the datives {mi-s=^ 
viihi, tku-$^libl)\ and we (ind in the syllalile $ma, from which the k of the 
accusative and die t of the dative are both derived, a termination not re¬ 
stricted, like other terminations, to the accusative only, butserving, by means 
of its general and extended signification, to express, like the rd in Pehlevi 
and New Persian, at the same time both the accusative and the dative. We 
believe therefore that the Bengali ke is not to be considered as implying the 
relation usually represented by the accusative or dative, but as a jrarticle of 
purely demonstrative power. As to analogy in other languages, Latin forms, 
as hui-c, Aun-c, tan-c, &c., may be quoted where the final c is the same 
as that we see repeated iu forma like Ai-c-ce, huthoce, See., serving to enhance 
the demonstrative signification. According to the theory of Prof. Bopp 
(Comparat. Grammar, § .^05), this ce must be considered as an indefinite par¬ 
ticle, or rather as a particle, which, compounded with an interrogative pro¬ 
noun, takes away iu interrogativo power and changes the interrogative into 
an indefinite pronoun. The same .savant traces this particle through different 
languages, such as Sanscr. ct-f {kaccit, some one), ca~na {ka^cana, any one), 
Dor. fc-u (ttoko, once), Ion. r< (iror^), Lat. que (qukqHc), r/uam (quisguam), ce 
(^hic mid hicce), pe {qmppe), piim (fyuMpiam), Goth. «A (Jusatuh). 
But it soenu necessary that a distinction should he made between two par¬ 
ticles, which under a similar form have played very different parts in the pro¬ 
gress of languages. The one, almost the same as the copulative particle (ca, 
rt. que), serves, iti generalizing, and to form from the root of the interrogative, 
an iiulefiniti! jironoun, wlien the other gives a determinate form. We re¬ 
cognise the former in words like ku'-cii, /ca^cana, toco, wore, guisqtie, quis- 
quam (always in negative phrases like Sanscrit ka^cana), quisqnam, hvazuh, 
(Modern German watflucA). Adopting the systoui, which as fur an I know 
bus first been introduced by the ingenious G. Ciirtius of Berlin, this change 
of letters in S.snscrit, Creek and Latin may bo represented in the following 
equation: panen, ttrrr, ijuiny«c=co, re, que. Sanscrit cjf and Latin quam 
are enlargements of the .same particle, as quispiani, which corresponds to 
Sanscrit Aa^apt, regularly changed into ko'pi. Hut we cannot believe with 
Prof. Bopp Uiat the same pariich*, which by its peculiar power gives to in¬ 
terrogative prououri'. an indefniitt* signification, has given rise to the demon¬ 
strative pronoun hk, by being compOMuded wiih thu Sanscrit interrogative 
pronoun ka and ki. Besides, as I’rofessor Bopp acknowledges that in hic-ce, 
kunc-ce, &c. the latter ee is the repetition of the smue tdenient, we find 
already combined with the pronoun (Ai*c), uud as the genius of the Latin lan¬ 
guage does not jiennit a doubt on the purely demonstrative meaning of this 
particle, we do not think that it is altogether contrary to the system of this 
learned gramniarmii, to cojuider cc as a determinative particle. uifTcrent from 
the other and identical with the Greek ye tiud the Bengali ke. 
But though lioiu a Jinguistical jwint of view «o might admit the Bengali 
termination ke to have its origin in cilia deiiionitralive particle, it is still the 
