ON ETHNOLOGY. 
339 
money, t. e. having money as the cause of his exertions. In Sanscrit the 
dative may be used, or a similar composition with the word nimitta, which 
occurs also in Bengali. 
^ 2. P&rvak (expressing precedent) forms in like manner the instrumental. 
Thus vinay fUrmk ukta /i«y, it is spoken politely, i. e. having before it 
politeness (Sanscrit, v'vutyena). 
S. I>iyd [having taken), knrhjA (having done), form the instrumental; 
thus, churi diyd tdhdke mdrilek, he struck him with a knife, or, having taken 
the knife; cAurt dhjd lekhani prastut karilen, he prepared the pen with the 
penknite. 
4. Sakit, Mange, sdte (accompanied, near), as puruak sahit, with men; 
dugher sahit jol mifrit knriydche, he has mixed water with milk; tomdrsange, 
or tomdr zdte ydiva, I shall go w ith you. In Sanscrit, particularly in its 
most ancient form, the termination of the instrumental is sutllcient to express 
this meaning; as, purashaih, with men; harihhih, with horses; afterwards 
saha or sahita is used with the instrumental to make the meaning more 
distinct, as purmhaih saha. 
5. Hade (from) is the moat common sign for the ablative ; as, ghar haile 
nihsrit, gone out of the house (Sanscrit, grifuln nihsritah ); kumbhakdr 
haiteghat sakal’idrmit hay, the pots are made by the potter; pxtd putra haite 
balavdn haij, the father is stronger than the son. 
Notwithstanding the ap|>arcnt diflerence of meaning, 1 think that haite is 
but a modern form ol'sahita (joined, with). The change of its signification 
(with, from) is aualogous to that which similar word.-* have undergone in 
other languages. Thus the English by means originally near (as “close 
by”), but it has lost this meaning almost eniirt-ly, and serves at present to 
form the ablative cast-. The same may be observed in French (par, avec) 
and German (mit); Tdjdr haite nihsrit luiy, would therefore signify, he comes 
from with the king (d’.ivec le roi); kumbhakdr (utUe ghat nirmit hay, the pot 
has been made by the potter. Wltat speaks most in favour of this etymo¬ 
logy is, that also in other modern Indian dialects the ablative is formed on 
the same principle. 
6. and nii« 2 ^e(near, in the neighbourhood). This word also serves, 
in accordance with its primitive meaning, to express several different rela¬ 
tions at the same time. For instance, they say rdjdr uikaf pdiyd, having 
received from the king, and rdjdr nikaf gdiyd, having gone to the king, i.e, 
near him. 
Nikata occurs in Sauscrit also in the sense of near, and as the cerebral f 
indicates often that tlie form in which it occurs is u contraction of another 
^ suppose nikaia to be derived from nikarsha or 
nikrtsnta, as tika(a, i^reat, from vikarska or riirfsAfn. Thus lata for tarsha or 
tfishta (dry ground) is derived from Irish^ to be dry or thirsty; pa(a, a gar¬ 
ment, from paridhd; va(a, a circle, from cri/a; bhatfd for bhartd, &c. 
the neighbourhood) is used in the same manner as nikate. 
8. or majAe (Pali tnadjhe), in the midst, forms the locative; as, 
krUiay madhye, in the heart. Sansc. kridaye. 
9. Kachc and kachetc (in the neighbourhood), just as nikat. 
10. Sthdne or sthdy (at the place), forms the locative; as, gharthdy, in the 
house, or near the liuusc. 
11. Dvdrd (by the door), by means of, forms the instrumental; ns,jndna 
dvdrd, by knowledge. Sansc. jSdnena . haster dvdrd tint mdrilek, he struck 
him with the hand. 
] 2. Rdp is sometimes used to express the genitive in figurative language; 
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