380 
Jukes on Australia. 
South Wales, these characters become so distinctly marked, as to 
enable us to give at once a rough approximation to the boundary 
of the countries occupied by the two kinds of rock. 
By this aid and by the description given me by the Rev. W. B. 
Clarke, joined to my own cursory observations, I am enabled to 
state that the country lying between Campbelltown, Parramatta, 
Windsor, and the Nepean River, forms a flat basin, being com¬ 
posed of the upper shales, from beneath which the Sydney sand¬ 
stone rises out in every direction. To the westward this sandstone 
rises with a gradual slope high on to the range of the Blue 
Mountains, with the inferior rocks and the coal-measures exposed 
in the depth of some of its gullies. To the north it rises into a 
widely-spread rocky district, from beneath which come out the 
coal-beds now worked at Newcastle on the river Hunter. To the 
south, as already described, it rises into the sandstone ranges, the 
escarpment of Which overlooks the lllawarra district, the inferior 
coal-measures being again exposed below it. Towards the east it 
rises with a very gradual slope, but before it has attained any con¬ 
siderable elevation is cut off by the sea, which, as before explained, 
has penetrated into its winding gullies in this portion and formed 
the harbours of Port Jackson and Broken Bay. 
The city of Sydney stands, I believe, just on the uppermost 
beds of the Sydney sandstone, near the passage of that mass of 
rock into the upper shales. Considerable beds of shale are indeed 
to be seen around the town, resting on and interstratified with 
the sandstones. If this be correct, the beds of coal are about 
1100 or 1200 feet below the city of Sydney, and still deeper at 
the town of Parramatta and in the central portion of the county of 
Cumberland. 
The series of rocks now described are by no means set forth as 
representing the whole palaeozoic formations of New South Wales. 
There are very probably higher beds than the upper shales here 
mentioned, as there are certainly much lower beds than the Wol¬ 
longong sandstones. The limestones of the Yass country will 
probably be found to be below the whole of the rocks mentioned 
in this paper. 
As a general observation, I would remark on the perfect confor- 
