74 
RED CRAG. 
less denuded by a succeeding stage than the others have been, 
can be accurately identified. The direction of the oblique laminse 
of this fourth stage is from N.N.E. to S.S.W. at angles varying 
from 25° to 35”, south of Hollesley. 
The constancy of direction and the parallelism of the planes 
preclude, according to Wood, any idea of false bedding under 
water, and in one place only in Suffolk (Butley) is there any 
indication of a water-deposit. At Walton Naze, however, below 
other Crag, a greyish-brown bed, without stratifi.cation, yields 
shells in the condition in which they died, bivalves with the valves 
united (which happens in no other Red Crag bed) and not con¬ 
taining those derived Coralline Crag shells that make up so much 
of the mass elsewhere. 
The fifth or water-deposited stage does not always occur over 
the lower stages. It is under this stage alone that the workings 
of phosphatic nodules occur, and where beach stages rest on the 
London Clay the nodule-bed does not occur. This bed thins off 
as the fifth stage Crag leaves the clay and rises over the beach 
stages. Though this stage is water-deposited yet the shells arc 
not like those of the above-noted bed at Walton, but are as worn 
as those of the beach stages, from which they seem to have been 
mainly derived. 
The beach stages, in Wood’s opinion, seem to have resulted 
from a sea forced back by the growth of beach which it had heaped 
up, until, by a slight subsidence, the sea planed down the old 
beach and again began the process of beaching up. 
At Chillesford the fifth stage passes up into the sands and 
clays described by Prestwich (1849). Our author concluded that 
the Fluvio marine (Norwich) Crag is as old as the Red Crag, and 
probably older than the fifth stage. 
Six pages of the paper are devoted to the Drift, and an 
appendix gives the places of sections of Red Crag, noting the 
stages shown. 
In 1865 the same author* referred to the subjects of his 
paper of the previous year, inclining to the belief that the 
horizontal Crag is the re-deposit of the material of the beach 
Crag, and doubting that the former is part of the Red Crag. 
He corrects the statement in his last paper that phosphatic 
nodules occur only under the horizontal Crag, being satisfied that 
some thin traces referred to this stage from the presence of 
nodules, really belong to the beach series. 
In 1866 the Rev. O. Fisherf came to the conclusion that the 
Chillesford Clay underlies the Fluvio-marine or Norwich Crag 
(an error abandoned afterwards), having found brown clay at the 
bottom of the Thorpe pit, near Aldborough. Beneath the Chilles¬ 
ford Clay (in the Aldborough and Orford District) he noted sand, 
with shells of Mya in their burrows, then other sand, and then 
the Red Crag. 
Remarks in Explanation of the Map of the Upper Tertiaries of Norfolk, Suffolk, 
etc. (with Map and Sections as separate sheets). Privately printed, 
t Quart, Journ. Geol, Soc., vol. xxii. pp. 19-28. 
