78 
RED CRAG. 
In the same year (1871) Messrs. A. and E. BelF suggested the 
terms Lower, Middle, and Upper Crags, instead of Coralline, Red, 
and Norwich. They held that there is no evidence for separating 
from the fauna of the Red Crag any species except such as are 
of Eocene or older date, regarding the signs of a supposed 
derivative origin as not really such. They proposed to class as 
Middle Crag the lower deposits, from Walton Naze westward to 
Bentley and eastward to Butley and Hollesley, as Upper Crag the 
uppermost beds of the Red Crag, the Scrobicularia Crag, and the 
Norwich Crag. There is no order of succession physically, but 
only palseontologically. The fauna of the Red Crag has two 
aspects, a deep-water one and a shallow-water one, and this 
explains the difficulty in comparing different pits. 
In 1871 Dr. J. E. Taylorf concluded that the Norwich 
fluvio-marine Crag is an extension of the Red Crag, that, after 
depression, thp Upper Norwich (marine) or Chillesford Crag was 
deposited, and that there is an unbroken sequence from Coralline 
Crag to the latest Drift deposit. 
Mr. A. BellJ in the same year controverted Dr. Taylor’s view 
that Chillesford sand occurs at the Butley Crag Pits and gave 
a long list of the fossils found there. It should be noted that 
he classed Chillesford Beds as Pre-Glacial, as distinguished from 
Crag. 
In 1872 Mr, A. Bell§ reviewed Prof. Prestwich’s papers. He 
thought that the presence of Diestian fossils in the Crag may 
be explained otherwise than has been supposed, and defended his 
views of the year before. 
In the same year Messrs. A. and R, Bell || gave a fuller version 
of their paper of 1871, with a review of some of Prof. Prestwich’s 
work, and a long list of fossils. 
S. V. Wood, jun., and Mr. F. W. Harmer,^ treated of the beds 
with which we are now concerned, giving a map and sections. 
They regarded the oblique lamination of the Red Crag as different 
from false bedding, and as the result of beach-action (as in 
Wood’s paper of 1864), the deposit being the remains of a set of 
banks that were more or less dry at low tides and from time to 
time partly swept away and again accumulated. If the mass of 
the Crag had been deposited under water the large stones, often 
so abundant at its base, might be expected to be found scattered 
throughout. The conclusions of S, V. Wood’s paper of 1864 are 
adopted here, the stone-bed is regarded not as a land-surface, but 
as the result of cliff-waste, and the mammalian remains of the Red 
Crag are looked upon as wholly derivative, occurring only in the 
nodule-bed at the base, which is regarded by those authors as 
clearly a bed of erratics. 
* Geol. Mag., vol. viii., pp. 256-263. 
f Ibid., pp. 314-316. 
J Ibid., pp. 450-455. 
§ Ibid., vol. ix. pp. 209-215. 
II Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii. no. 5, pp. 185-218. 
^ Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part 1, pp. v-xiii. (1872.) 
