CROMER forest-bed. 
181 
Pliocene series, and land and freshwater animals only occur as 
accidental introductions. 
Among the large mammals the most abundant and conspicuous 
are the elephants, of which the Forest-bed contains three species. 
Those commonly met with are Elephas meridionalis (Fig. 43) 
and E. antiquus, though several teeth have now been found 
Fig. 43. 
Elephas meridionalis, Nesti {upper molar, from a specimen 
found at Dewlishf 
(See Quart. Joiirn, Geol. Soc., voL xliv., p. 823.) 
Grinding surface. 
^ natural size. 
Side view. 
I natural size. 
of a very distinct form, perhaps referable to E. primigenius. 
The Mastodon, the common proboscidian in the Norwich 
Crag and strata below, has entirely disappeared, not a single 
specimen having yet occurred among the many hundred teeth 
of elephant which have been obtained from the Forest-bed. 
Hippopotamus and Rhinoceros etruscus are fairly abundant, and 
there seems also to be a second species of rhinoceros. Two 
horses, one of which is extinct (Fig, 46)5 the bison and boar, an 
extinct species of mouflon {Gaprovis 
Savinii), and deer in seemingly end- 
less variety complete the list of the Equus Btenonis, Oocchi. 
ungulata. The carnivora are imper- Half natural size, 
fectly known, they include two bears, 
Machaerodus, the spotted hyaena, 
wolf, fox, glutton, otter, and marten. 
Of rodents there is the beaver, and 
an extinct ally, the Trogontherium. 
There are also several voles and a 
field mouse. The presence of the 
squirrel seems to be indicated by 
gnawed fir-cones. The insectivora are represented by the mole, 
two shrews, and the Russian desman {Myogale moschata). The 
associated birds, reptiles, amphibia, and freshwater fishes are, as 
far as is yet known, all living British species. 
Mr. E. T. Newton has drawn up the following table for the 
comparison of the land mammals of the Forest-bed with those 
