DAVIS: GLACIAL EKOSION. 
289 
coming from the south near the northeast end of Ulleswater. 
Since coming home I read the following in Marr’s “Scientific Study 
of Scenery”: — “We find in the Lake District a number of tribu¬ 
tary valleys occurring in the hearts of the ridges, and opening out 
far above the bottoms of the main valleys, discharging their waters 
down the slopes in cascades. They are specially well marked on 
the east side of Helvellyn, and a number of them also open into the 
upper branches of Borrowdale.” The explanation is that of Riiti- 
meyer and Heim : — “ For a considerable period after the deepening 
of the main valley, the minor valleys will end as definite gorges 
some height , above the floor of the main valley, and discharge their 
waters in a series of cascades or falls down the side of the main 
valley” ( 1900 , 136). 
One of my former students, Mr. W. B. Lloyd, has recently shown 
me a number of photographs of the fiords of southern New Zea¬ 
land, which he brought back from a visit to that distant country. 
High cascades, plunging from hanging lateral valleys into the 
broad waters of the fiords, are repeatedly shown ; the most striking 
view is here reproduced in Plate 2, Figure H showing Sterling Fall 
leaping into Milford Sound. 
Fiords and Hanging Valleys in Norway .—In Norway I had 
the pleasure of making a ten days’ cross-country excursion in com¬ 
pany.with Dr. Reusch, Director of the Norwegian Geological Survey. 
We entered from Bergen through Iiardanger fiord, and crossed the 
highlands by the Haukelisaetr road to Skien on the southeastern 
lowlands, thus making a general cross-section on which many char¬ 
acteristic features were seen. Norway has long been known as a 
land of waterfalls, but it is not generally stated with sufficient clear¬ 
ness or emphasis that many or most of the falls are formed by the 
descent of streams from maturely opened trough-like hanging val¬ 
leys which are abruptly cut off by the walls of the fiords. The 
discordance between main and side streams is simply amazing. The 
fiord valleys are frequently one or two miles wide ; the waters of the 
fiords are of great depths, reaching 3000 feet in some cases. Even 
when a side valley stands but little above sea-level, its floor may be 
half a mile above the floor of the fiord. On passing inland beyond 
the head of the fiord water, where the whole depth of the fiord 
valley is visible, the side valleys may open more than a thousand 
feet above the main valley floor. In many cases where the fiords 
are enclosed by smooth walls, the cascading side streams have not 
yet incised a cleft in the bare rock surface, so that their foaming 
