I 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND EAMILY JOURNAL. 
Bifc[iaiiic Jlrts ^ Innirt. 
HOUSE PAINTING. 
New style of colors—Bad taste of white attd yellow 
— The tiori-durabiliiy of white lead—Its adultera¬ 
tion — Destroys the menstruum — \Vhal colors are 
•permanent — The preparation of oil — The object 
of painting — Turpentine not a dryer. 
A NEW' STYLE OF COLOUS lias coinc into 
vogue within a year or tw o, wiiicli we think 
very tasteful and becoming. The different 
sliades of dark brown, or chocolate color, 
•when })ropcrly applied, have a veiy happy 
effect in setting off heavy cornishes, mould¬ 
ings and friezes. 
To those who have been in the habit of 
contemplating and admiring 'the staring, 
w'hitened w'ood sepulchuis of new towns and 
villages, this recent style will look heavy and 
sombre; but on acquaintance improves, and 
looks admirable. It gives a solidity and rich¬ 
ness, in keeping with good taste and refine¬ 
ment. 
I’hese dark colors, if rightly compounded, 
will outlast by many times the w'hites and 
yellow's. Modern w hite lead is made by a 
new process, which will convert as may 
pounds of lead in forty hours, as the old pro¬ 
cess did in forty days, and then often is adul¬ 
terated with barytes and lime, and is not 
worth one fortieth as much, for outside w'ork. 
It is not a pure carbonate of lead, but a salt 
rather than a pigment, at least the low priced 
article, and has a tendency to saponify the 
oil, and render it miscible with water, and 
the rains and vici.ssitude.s of the elements, 
destroy and cany it off. White, for work 
exposed to the weather, is a poor color to 
endure at the best. The oclu-es are also 
short lived. They are clay, colored w'ith car¬ 
bonate of iron, which soon oxidize and be¬ 
came black. The fine yellow's are too expen¬ 
sive, and the -color foppish and in bad Uiste. 
All the metallic oxides are durable — 
Spanish brow'n and Venetian red, w hich are 
oxides of iron, and red lead, the oxide of 
lead. In fact no color, except it has a me¬ 
tallic base, can be depended upon, with the 
exception of lamp-black, wiiich, being pure 
carbon, is unchangeable, and all colors into 
wdiich it enters are improved in durability. 
Oils for outside painting, should, in all 
cases, be heat up to the boiling point, to dis¬ 
sipate the waters and destroy the mucilage, 
but not made as drying as for inside Avork 
— except for white and flying and fading 
coloj-s—and then it should be well boiled 
w-ith dryers to form a varnish over the paint 
so as not to allow^ the oil to soak into the 
w'ood, leaving the colors naked and exposed. 
The object of painting is not to impregnate 
the wood Avith oil to presci’A'o it, but to coA'er 
and shield it from moisture and the effects 
of the atmosphere, and its decomposing 
agents; therefore, painting Avith raAv oil is 
not alloAvable in any case. 
fl’iTRPENTiNE.—It is a mistaken idea, that 
spirits of turpentine cause paints of any kind 
to dry. ' It is a A'olatile essential oil, and 
soon evaporates; and, except so far as its 
OAvn material as a liquifier is concerned, it 
has no other effect than to cause paints to 
spread evenly and easily, Avhich in rich boil¬ 
ed oil is necessary. For inside Avork, where 
a dead color Avithout lustre is required, it 
entei-s largely in th(! composition of colors; 
but in outside w'ork its effects are decidedly 
bad, and should neA^er be used. 
Leeway Indicator. —Mr. A. A. Wilder, 
of Detroit, is said to have perfected one of 
the most simple instruments for the purpose 
of determining the Avay Avhich a vessel may 
be making at all times Avhile on her A^oyage 
—and by w'hich the latitude and longitude 
of a ship can alw'ays be determined without 
the usual obserA-ations, and with no other 
trouble than simply referring to the log for 
a current run, and w'here the w'orkings of 
the “Indicator" are regularly recorded.— 
Indeed so perfoet and useful is this inven¬ 
tion, that with it any precise jioint may be 
made, after taking the usual bearings, not- 
Avithstanding the vessel may be making the 
greatest i-ate of leeAvay, as her course can be 
altered to meet the variations marked out 
by the “ Indicator ’’ to the wheelman. It 
consists of a tube of about fom- inches in di¬ 
ameter, running doAvn the binnacle of a ves¬ 
sel to the keel, through which passes a rod, 
and to which is attached, immediately under 
the keel, a A'ane about eight inches deep and 
tAvo feet long. This, being in dense Avater, 
is sui-e to be operated upon by any leeway 
ttv' A'cssel may make, which is indicated by 
a needle at the top of the rod, AA'hich is placed 
upon a piede on Avliich the degrees are mark¬ 
ed, situated ’e.f'tween the tAvo compasses, in 
this binnacle. • 
Among the patents x-^cently issued is one 
to Olia er right, of this '^^ty, for improA'e- 
ment in mills for saAving irreguU^r forms. 
GREAT DISCOVERY. 
Electric Gas Lights, &c.—T he .subjoin¬ 
ed article from the Washington Union, Avill 
be read Avith Avonder and suiprize, Ave think, 
by a great majority of om- readers, and con¬ 
firms the saying of Shakspeare, that 
‘ ‘There are more things in licaven and enrtli Horatio, 
Tlian arc dreamed of in your philosophj'.” 
We have been adA'ised of this discovery for 
nearly a year-, and not finding it brought 
out before the public, imagined it was found 
fallacious, in some of its details, on application. 
In answ'cr to certain inquiries Ave made of 
the discoverer, not a month since, he says, 
in a letter to us, that the w'hole aa'rs in a 
train of successful operation, and that in a 
.short time, it AA'ould be openly exhibited to 
the w'orld. He also aA'ers, that ho has suc¬ 
ceeded in condensing the electric fluid, to a 
degree, only limited by the strength of the 
receiver—that it is ponderable, and he has 
Aveighed it, and shoAVod it to be subject to 
the laws of gravitation. 
This, if veritable, is a discovery of no or¬ 
dinary impoi-tance, and is bound to make 
groat inroads on the received philosophy of 
the ponderability and uniA'ersality of matter, 
and cause great revolutions in more branches 
of industry and science than at present can 
be appreciated. 
Mr. Porter, w'ho is good authority on 
most subjects, in his speculations and proph¬ 
ecies in this matter, has left terra firnia al¬ 
together, and is on the stilts of imagination, 
that carry him high in the clouds of fancy, 
where in his fancied security Ave think he 
draAvs a pretty considerable of a long how. 
Sit lux ,—Let Mr. Paine, the discoverer, 
finish the sentence, and then Ave shall see. 
Messrs. Editor.s.— I am authorized to announce 
the discoA’erA- and practical test of the most import¬ 
ant scientific invention ever yet produced, or bro’t 
to light since the Avorld has been inhabited by man. 
The first and main feature, and foundation of 
this iiwention, w-hich at once opens a field for hun¬ 
dreds of other inventions, is the discover)’ by Heniy 
M. Paine, Esq., of a ready and almost expenseless 
mode of decomposing water and reducing it to the 
gaseous state. By tlie simple operation of a ver)' 
small machine, without galvanic batteries, or the 
con.sumption of metals and acids, and only the ap¬ 
plication of le.ss than one three-hundredths (1-:I00) 
part of one horse power, Mr. Paine produces 20(J 
cubic feet of hydrogen gas, and 100 feet of oxygen 
gas, i)er hour. 
This quantity of these gases (the actual cost of 
wdiich is less than one cent) Avill furnish as much 
heat by combustion as 2000 feet of ordinal-)' coal 
gas, sufficient to supply light equal to throe hun¬ 
dred common lamps for ten hours; or to wmrm an 
ordinar)- dwelling house tAvelve hours, including 
the requisite heat for the kitchen; or to'supply tho 
reipiisite heat for one horse powder of steam. This 
invention has been tested by six months’ operation 
aiiplied to the lighting of houses, and recently the 
applicability of these gases to the Avarmingof hou¬ 
ses has also been tested with perfectly satisfactory 
results. A steam engine furnace and a parlor 
stoA’^e, both adapted to the burning of these gases, 
have been iiiA’ented, and measures taken for secur¬ 
ing jiatents therefor. 
Mr. Paine has one of his machines, pcAV and 
elegant, now in full operation and publicly exhibit¬ 
ed, and may be expected to exhibit the same in this 
city Avithin tAA’cnty days. The only actual expense 
of Avarming houses by this apparatus is that of 
Avinding up a AA^eight (like the Avinding up of a 
clock) once a day; and the heat produced may be 
as easily graduated and regulated as the flame of a 
common gas-burner. No smoke Avhatever is pro¬ 
duced, but a vei-)’ small quantity of steam, suffi¬ 
cient to supply the requisite moisture to tho atmos¬ 
phere. in its application to the production of 
steam power, it Avill reduce the expense to ihe mere 
Avear o*’ machinery, and Avill immediately produce 
an imiriense demand for steam engines, and induce 
the establishment of thousands of manufacturing 
mills, reduce the expense of traveling, and in¬ 
crease the demand for agricultural produce, while 
it ruins the coal and gas business, and such manu¬ 
facturing establishments as depend on monopoly 
and high prices. 
This invention, moreoA’^er, removes completely 
the only obstacles which have hitherto existed to 
aerial navigation — the difficulty of procuring hy¬ 
drogen gas, and carr)’ing a supply of fuel; and it 
may now be considered a matter of tolerable cer¬ 
tainty that men will be seeU swiftly and safely 
soaring in various directions before the first of May 
next. These facts being of immense importance, 
should not longer bo withheld; and I therefore 
w'ould avail myself of your widely circulated jour¬ 
nal to present them to the public. 
Yours, respectfully, R. Porter. 
Washington, Dec. 22, 1849. 
Barnes’ Improa'ed Auger Handles.— 
We have been shown some Auger Handles, 
that have been patented by E. T. Pease, of 
this city, AA'hich are a great improA'ement 
upon those noAv in use. They are so con¬ 
structed that that portion which it is neces¬ 
sary to grasp in the hand reA^olves, thus 
dispensing AAith friction and the consequent 
blister-ing of the hands. Mr. P. has also 
patented another, somewhat different, and 
designed mainly for ship cai’penters. It is 
like ffie first, Avith the addition of a hinge, by 
Avhich the part grasped in the hand turns at 
right angles Avith the main part, thus enabling 
the instrument to be used overhead, or in 
any other difficult position, with as much 
convenience as upon level work.— Buffalo 
Advertiser. 
If chalk gets upon iron, by using a little 
sand when the iron is at a red heat, it Avdll 
Aveld perfectly Avell, as the sand and chalk 
forms a glass Avhich assists in welding. 
Iron -was discovered in Crete by the 
burning of Mo -ant Ida, B. C. 1432; first cast 
in England, Sussex, A. D. 1544. 
EILTERING RAIN WATER. 
In this calcareous region of country a 
strong impression prevails among many of 
our citizens, that the hard Avaters of springs 
and AA'ells arc deti-imenlal lo health, and 
particularly Avith those pe)-.s(ii)s Avho haA'c' 
emigTated from the pure fountains that gusli 
from the primitive rocks of Ncav England. 
A great many families are iioav using filter¬ 
ed rain water', much to their satisfaction, as 
a hygeine agent. Its taste is a little insipid 
on first use, and particularly in summer, 
Avhen it requires ice to render it palatable. 
For cooking, making tea and coffee, it is un¬ 
doubtedly an improvement upon the natu¬ 
ral Avaters of the Avest, Avhich often contain 
lime, magnesia, iron, sulphurated hydrogen, 
carbonic acid, Ac. 
An excellent Filter has been invented by 
Mr. G. S. Gilbert, a talented artist of this 
city. We annex a figure of it, together AA'ith 
the inventor’s description: 
gilbert’s filtering apparatus. 
“ Lest the thing intended by this dia¬ 
gram should not be obA'ious to you at sight, 
1 Avill, by Avay of explanation, say, that tliis 
filter is simply an oaken tub, largest at 
the top, of any required size — say from 
three to four feet high and 20 to 24 inches 
across the bottom. A hole is bored through 
one of the staves near the bottom, into 
Avhich is fitted one end of a piece of one 
inch lead pipe, about a foot long, the inner 
end bent up so as to open about four or 
five inches from the bottom. A common 
beer cock is then screAved into the outer end 
of the pipe, Avhich had been preAdously 
pressed out by means of a mandril, to make 
it Avater tight. A layer of a mixture of 
charcoal and gravel, equal parts, is then 
put in to the depth of four inches and poun¬ 
ded in. A stone-AVare crock, some ten 
inches in diameter and 18 high, is then put 
bottom upAvai-ds- ia the centre of the tube, 
rising upon the coal and gravel and enclos¬ 
ing the mouth of the lead pipe. Layers of 
the coal and gTavel, pounded in pretty 
hard, are then put around the crock to its 
top. Tavo or three inches of coar-se gravel, 
to prevent the displacing of the coal by the 
pouring in of Avater, are then laid over the 
coal and crock; or put on a large flat stone, 
not a lime-stone. The crock has a hole in 
its bottom, or rather upper end, for the in¬ 
sertion (through a piece of cork, to make 
it water tighh) of a piece of one-fourth 
inch lead pipe for a vent, Avhich reaches to 
the top of the tub; or it may be conven¬ 
iently made to go through a hole of the 
right size Avithin an inch of the top of one 
of the staves. If it be inconvenient to pro¬ 
cure a crock Avith a vent hole, a common 
one AA’ill ansAA'er the purpose, by haAing the 
vent pipe long enough to reach from the 
top of the tub doAvn through the coal and 
gravel, diA-ing under the rim of the crock, and 
ascending to the highest part of the inside. 
The filter being thus completed and 
placed in the cellar, where it Avill be kept 
cool and not freeze, fill the space above the 
gravel AA'ith rain Avater. Lime Avater aaoII 
spoil the filtering properties of the coal, I 
don’t knoAv Avhy — Professor Deavey can 
tell you—but I have seen that filters into 
Avhich a pailful or tAA'o of well Avater had 
been put Avould never filter rain water af¬ 
terwards. Don’t be alarmed if the fii-st 
feAv pailfuls of filtered water should taste 
a little alkaline, as a small amount of ashes 
AA-ill wash out The coal is the common 
blacksmith’s coal from hard wood, and is 
prepared by igniting it — AA'hich may be 
Avell done by tiring a small pile on the 
ground, and then quenching the coals in 
Avater and pounding them in a barrel or 
kettle about as fine as Avheat. The gi-avel 
should be of the pea and bean size, washed 
clean. It Avill supply your family with all 
you need for drinlang and culinary purpo¬ 
ses, for three or four years, Avithout renew¬ 
ing the filtering matter.’’ 
This Filter is made and sold by John 
Kedzie of this city. It is not patented. 
A Beautiful Piece of Mechanism. — 
The Gateshead Observer mentions having 
seen under a glass shade, the size of a lady’s 
thimble, a steam engine that might have 
served for a cotton mill in Lilliput. The 
Avholc machinei'y, fly-AA'heel included, stands 
upon a tAvo penny piece, yet so exact is the 
Avorkmanship, that when a steam pipe is 
apphed, for there is no boiler, the engine is 
immediately set in motion, and worfe with 
admirable precision. 
MINERAL LANDS IN CALIFORNIA. 
It is understood that a fcAv of the laro-cr 
o 
grants cover, to some extent, the mines of 
go, 1 and ouicksih-er. 
By the laAvs of Spain these mines did 
not pass by a grant of the land, but remain¬ 
ed in tile croAvn, subject to be disposed of 
according to such ordinances and regula¬ 
tions as might be from time to time adopted. 
Any individual might enter upon the lands 
of another to search for ores of the pre¬ 
cious metals, and, haA'ing discovered a mine, 
he might register, and thus acquire a right 
to Avork it, on paying to the oAvner the dam¬ 
age done to the surface, and to the CroAvn 
Avhose property it Avas, a fifth or tenth, ac¬ 
cording to the quality of the mine. If the 
finder neglected to Avork, or Avorked it im¬ 
perfectly, it might be denounced by any 
other person, Avhereby he Avould become 
entitled. 
This right to the mines of precious metals, 
which by the Iravs of Spain remained in 
the CroAvn, i.s belicA'ed also to hai'e been 
retained by Mexico while she Avas sovereign 
of the territor}', and to have passed by her 
transfer to the United States. * * 
If the tTnited States sell the mineral 
lands for cash and transfer at once all title 
lo the gold AA'hich they contain, but a A'cry 
small part of their A'alue Avill probably be 
realized. It AA'Ould be better, in my opin¬ 
ion, to transfer them by sale or lease, reserv¬ 
ing a part of the gold collected as rent or 
seignorage. 
After mature reflection, I am satisfied 
that a Mint at some convenient point Avill 
be of advantage to the miner, and the best 
medium for the collection and transmission 
of the gold reserved. Gamboa, a Spanish 
author of much science and practical ob¬ 
servation, and at one time President of the 
Royal Academy of Mexico, strongly recom¬ 
mended the establishment of a Mint in their 
principal mining district, as a means of col¬ 
lecting and transmitting the rents reserved 
by the croAvn, and especially to give a le¬ 
gitimate currency to the miners, that they 
might not be compelled, from necessity, to 
barter their bullion, in A'iolation of the laAv. 
The same reason Avould apply here Avith 
equal force. * % ^ * 
Some persons, Avhose opinions are entitled 
to much Avcight, apprehended difficulty in 
collecting the rents, if the mode of disposi¬ 
tion AA’hich I suggest be. adopted; but this, 
I think, is Avithout a full consideration of 
the condition of the country and the means 
of enforcement. Gold unless coined or 
stamped at the mint, could not circulate in 
California against a legal provision, and sub¬ 
ject to a penalty such as is suggested. It 
could not be carried across the continent 
Avithout risk of loss or detection, Avhich 
w’ould make the A'ulue of insurance equal 
to the rent. In any other direction it must 
pass the ports of California and be there 
liable to detection. * * 
The deposite of quick.silver, knoAvn to exist 
in California, is a sulphuret of mercury, or 
native cinnabar. The stratum of mineral, 
several feet in thickness, has been traced to 
a considerable distance along the line of 
strike. The specimens assayed at the Mint 
range from 15.5 to 33.35 per cent, of metal; 
it is easy of access, and is mined and re¬ 
duced Avithout difficulty. So much of the 
mine as has been traced is situated on a 
rancho, to Avhich the title is probably valid; 
and since the United States took possession 
of the country, an attempt has been made 
to acquire the ytiine hy denouncement. This 
proceeding is, for the reasons that I have 
already given, invalid. It, therefore, remains 
for Congress to determine whether they 
will relinquish or assert the title of the 
United States’in the mine. — Report of 
the Sec’y of the Interior. 
Neav Razor. — The London Patent Jour- 
naf contains an engraving of a guarded ra¬ 
zor, Avarranted not to cut the skin in the pro¬ 
cess of shaving. Mr. Wakely, in the Lon¬ 
don Lancet, calls it a splendid invention, and 
affirms that it “can be used by the operator 
in any situation. It can be used in bed, on 
a railway, or even in a carriage on the com¬ 
mon roads. The operation of shaving is 
effected in an inconceirably short space of 
time, even by the most timid or nervoiLs.’’ 
Machine for Rex’Airing Roads. —Mr. 
N. Potter, of East Hamburg, Erie Co., N. 
Y., has invented a macliine AA'hich removes 
heaps on the sides of ruts, and fills them 
up at the same time. It can also ploAv up 
high places or heaps on the road, and by 
back moA'eable scrapers, the dirt can be di¬ 
rected to the middle or from the middle of 
the road. 
otherAvise very simple. 
Measures have been taken to secure a 
patent.— Scientific American. 
New Rotary Engine.—M r. George 
Creary, machinist, of this city, has invented 
an improved rotary engine, Avhich is said to 
remove all the decidedly good objections 
made against the other engines of the same 
cla.ss. It Avorks on the expansion principle, 
and it takes in the steam at tAvo opposite 
sides, and does not Avork the A'alves as is 
commonly the case, by the pistons.— Ib. 
It is draAvn like a Avagon and is 
The making of turpentine has com¬ 
menced on some of the pine forests of Flor¬ 
ida and has proved very profitable. 
EVAN'S PATENT PLOW CLEVIS. 
Tins is a neAv form of ploAV clevis, and 
one'that Ave think is Avorthy the attention 
of farmers and ploAv makers. It affords 
greater facilities for regulating the draft of 
the jiloAv AA’ith exactness and cei’tainty than 
any other form of clcA'is that we have seen.* 
Platinum. 
.21500 
21..500 
Gold.- 
19500 
19.500 
Silver. 
.10500 
10.500 
Copper. 
. 8960 
8.960 
Iron.,. 
. 7800 
7.800 
Diamond. 
. 3500 
3.500 
Rock-crystal. 
. 2600 
2.600 
Window-glass. 
. 2520 
2.520 
tVax. 
. 964 
.964 
Quicksilver,. 
.13500 
13.500 
I.oad. 
.114.50 
11.4.50 
Sulphuric Acid. 
. 1840 
1.840 
Water -. 
. 1000 
1.000 
Oil of 'J’urpcntine .. 
. 865 
.865 
Spirit of Wine, strong 830 
.830 
Ether.. 
Gases. 
. 720 
.720 
Atmospheric Air.... 
. 1000 
1.000 
Oxygen.. 
. 1106 
1.106 
Hvdrogen. 
69 
.069 
Nitrogen. 
972 
.972 
Carbonic Acid. 
1524 
1.524 
Chlorine. 
2470 
2.470 
The nature of the clevis can ca.sily be 
seen from the above engraving. The clevis 
is fastened to the head of the plow-beam 
by a horizontal bolt through the middle: 
at the back end of the clevis, on the top of 
the beam is a bridge through whicli is a 
small screAv bolt, the turning of Avhich ele¬ 
vates or depresses the draft (to regulate the 
depth of furroAV,) and a .similar scrcAV-bolt 
on the side, at front, carries the draft to 
either side as desired, (to regulate the Avidth 
of the furroAV;) and both screAvs keep the 
ploAV in proper gearing, Avithout any liability 
to slip or change in turning., &c. 
This clevis can be made very strong and 
durable, and the expense is not much great¬ 
er than the common kind. 
This clevis is the invention of Isaac Ev¬ 
ans, of Lebanon, Ohio, to Avhom letters of 
patent have been granted. He is prepared 
to sell rights for States, Counties or fl-YAvn- 
ships, on very reasonable terms.— Ohio 
Cultivator. 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY, OR WEIGHT. 
The AA'ords “light” and “hea\'y” in 
common speech arc almost ahvays used in a 
particular sense, something more being meant 
than the Avords really express; they are con¬ 
nected Avith the idea of bulk or volume. A 
piece of lead is said to be heaA’)^ and a piece 
of pine AA'ood light, because if pieces of equal 
sizes be taken and compared, the weight of 
the former Avill ven' greatly exceed that of 
the latter. To point out and express in an 
exact manner this common and familiar con¬ 
nection betAveen Aveight and bulk, the term 
specific xoeight, or specific gravity, is used. 
Thu.s, a bottle Avhich holds 1000 grains 
of water Avill hold 1080 grains of good su¬ 
gar-cane juice, 1340 grains of molasses, 
1840 grains of sulphuric acid, 13,500 grains 
of quicksilver, and only 830 grains of spirit 
of Avine. These numbers give a comparison 
of AA’eights under the same bulk; in other 
Avord.^^, they represent the specific Aveights of 
the bodies named, the specific Aveight of 
Avater being represented by 1000. In the 
same manner the Aveights of like bulks of 
solids and of gases can be compared, either 
among themselves, or Avilh liquids. 
To form a Table of the specific Aveights of 
various substances, therefore, it is necessary 
to choose one of these as a starting-point, or 
standard of comparison, and to g-ive it a num¬ 
ber representing its particular specific weight 
and then to try by experiment Avhat propor¬ 
tion this Aveight bears to the Aveights of an 
equal bulk of other bodies to be examined, 
or hoAv many times it is contained in the 
latter, the numbers expressing which will 
be the specific Aveights of the substances.— 
In practice, pure Avater is always taken as 
the standard of comparison for solids and 
liquids, and pure atmospheric ^air for gases, 
and the numbers 1 or 1000 as their specific 
weights: this is done for convenience only, 
as any other substances and any other num¬ 
bers might have been chosen. In the fol- 
loAving Table the specific weights or .specific 
gravities of a feiv substances are put down 
by way of example. In the first column of 
numbers, Avater and air are put doAvn at 
1000, and in the second column are made 
equal to 1, decimals- being employed: the 
hitter method is that generally folloAved. 
Specific weights or 
Solid.s and Liquids specific gravities. 
Water —1000 Water — 1. 
The experimental methods by which the specific 
Aveights of different substances, solid, liquid, and 
gaseous, are found, cannot be described without 
drawings.— Townes' Rudimentary Chemistry. 
iJ 
