MOOEE’S EURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL ANU FAMILY JOURNAL. 
^ These countries would have formed part of cultural prosperity of a country, not its ca- 
) these great deserts, but for the waters of the pability, (for these deltas are capable of the 
i Nile. This river rises in the Mountains of highest degree of production,) but how much 
' the Moon, which are covered with snow at agricultural products dep<'.nd on the healthy 
their summits. At certain seasons of the character of the climate. Farmers thrive in 
} year, this snow melts, and swells the Nile to countries far more cold and severe, than oth- 
( such a degree as to overflow and cover this ers; because these cold and severe countries 
\ vast plain, and fertilizes what would other- are mostly healthy. I am sure the hardy 
^ wise be barren, tlms giving to the soil its farmers, who cultivate the soil of New 
) capability to grow crops, and sustain a popu- Brunswick, though they suffer from the ex- 
^ lation which, in remote times, was very great treme cold of the countiy, and complain of 
( It is interesting to remark how, on appa- it, yet certcUnly enjoy far more happiness, so 
) rently small things, which have their con- tar as happiness depends on bodily health, 
,) nection with distinct branches of human than the inhabitants of other richer coun- 
j knowledge, the comfort and even existence tries, such as Georgia, the Carolinas, P1ori- 
I of whole nations is found clea^y and dis- da, and other southern States, which are tar 
) tinctly to depend. richer, and produce more, with far less labor. 
/ Among the most interesting phenomena Hence, in all cases, in the temperate and 
) of physical geography, are the depressions colder climates, rural economy in general, 
} in cei-tain parts of tlie world, compared with attains a much higher state of improvement, 
> the level of the sea. I have spoken of ele- than in the richer and warmer, but less 
) vations; but there are parts of the world, healthy countries. 
^ below the level of the sea, which notwith- There is one circumstance, in connection 
> standing, grow crops and nourish a large with these deltas, to wliich I will draw your 
’ population. attention, and only one; that is to say, of the 
) I draw your attention to the Caspian Sea. lands at the mouths of rivers, and the char- 
^ This is a large body of water, from the edges acter of the banks of the rivers themselves, 
^ of which, start plains in every direction.— when they are of great width, and when 
> This body of water is considerably below deposites have formed of alluvial soil, as is 
) the level ot the Bkick Sea and the Atlantic, the case at the mouth of the Mississippi, and 
; If any circumstance should happen, by in other parts of the Avorld. It is the char- 
; which a connection were formed between acter of these deposites to assume a higher 
> the Black Sea and the Caspian, the waters elevation at the exterior than the interior 
^ of the latter would be raised from UO to 80 part; and from this peculiar conformation— 
> feet; a very great area of country would be the depression of the interior parts—marsh- 
) submerged, and the borders of that sea es and bogs, and bogs of peat marsh, in 
s greatly enlarged. some localities are formed in these depress- 
( But the most remarkable case of this kind ed portions. 
> is presented in that part of the world with I promised to draw j our attention to the Rhine. 
^ which we are familiar by name, and that is Rliiue, wlien it reaches the North of Europe, 
; Palestine. In the interior of this country, is 
) +1.^ 1 • 1 i. 1 . • T j great as the Mississippi; but there is this difFer- 
tu6 Dead into whicll the river Jordan euce: the Rhine empties itself into a bay, where 
j flows, through certain lakes, among them the waters from the north and south-west meet, 
) the Lake Tiberias. The Dead Sea is twelve ^ drawing back takes place, and a precipita- 
; hundred or thirteen hundred feet below tlie ‘f dm 
> 4.1 « Tkf 1 - 4 . rni T 1 m- ttie liver itselt. Now, there was a time when 
^ level or the Mediterranean. The Lake Tl- these depo||itcs took place without being heeded; 
> berias is some five hundred feet below the when there were formed islands of small extent, the 
! level of that sea. If any circumstance of which being raised above the rest, by the 
: should open a track or canal from the Med- 
^ • X xi 11 p , of land on which trees and plants grew—the e.\ter- 
/ iterranean into the valley of the Dead Setl, nal being higher than the internal parts—thus 
) its waters would rise twelve hundred feet forming a large extent of boggy, muddy, and san- 
; and dl-own a large portion of the people of countrj% stretching from the mouth of the Rhine, 
; that country, ivith which our oldest and most rlmlj 
sacied ^ociations are connected. fishermen settled on these little knolls, and their 
) I shall have occasion in a subsequent lec- fertility being soon known, the' farmers were at- 
\ ture, to draw your attention to tire circum- thither, and by indomitable perseverance 
> Stance of theie being certain parts of the lands were 
> 1,1 ; „ 1-1 paii-i U 1 L 11 « reclaimed by artificial works, and form what is now 
I world in which no ram ever falls, and cer- the limited provinces of Holland. I will not dwell 
^ tain other parts where the quantity of rain the history of this people; but you must see that 
^ is very small. It is because the rain that character of a people in such a country, form- 
^ falls in this country, bordering on the Dead f 
' ^ J i. 1 . rN • • ^ i ^ nabitablo region bj human perseverance and 
) oea and the Caspian, is no greater than the skill—you must see in the nature of the country, 
evaporation, that it remains as now, and has which must have moulded the character of the in- 
not been submerged long ago. With sucll ^^I’kant.s, and formed the national character of its 
^ a climate as vou have amf as wo h-ivo in ®f f*ieir remarkable character- 
^ o!! 4 R -f- J . r permitted, I might enter into details 
) ijfTCtll ijritclin, W LiGrC the rtXin. tn<it fulls is illustrative of these—die result of persona] obser- 
] greater than the evaporation, the population in that countrj’—going over its dykes, sail- 
> of those regions would have been annillila- on hs canals, and witnc.ssing everywhere the 
. ted bv the risincr wnters of human power and art over extraordin- 
ted by the rising waters. 
T, , - ory difficulties, a country which, from the besrin- 
Hut there are large tracts of countiy, ning of the Christian era, has been subjected to 
which are not either above or below the lev- continually repeated inundation. Records go back 
el of the sea; but which are so fltlt, that the ^ thirteen centuries, during which 
water that falls, remains and .stagnates. In 
tnis countiy, large tiacts are rendered use- aud drowned large numbers of people, once in 7 
less for agricultural purpo.ses, by the ex- Ifor thirteen centuries, the Hollanders have 
treme evenness of the surface. In New J’®®,® •‘’“4®®^®‘k ®“ 0“ ^‘Verage once in seven years. 
Brunswick, there arc large tracks of this 
CheU acter, and which seem to defy all agri- people have undergone, what perseverance they 
niiUi.v .,1 havc dispHycd, wliut victoi'ics they have achieved 
cultural improvement. 
Again, tlierc is a tract of country on the apparently indomitable nature, 
1 ni , 1 • 1 xi 1 1 ''cat enect the consciousness of havins’ done all 
bay of Chaleuns, which though exceedingly this must have upon individual as well as national 
flat, IS naturally fatted to become as rich tlS character, and what a great triumph it is in itself 
some of the richest lands of Scotland, even fiyed themselves firmly on the soil! 
those celebrated for their riclmess. It is so '! useful to us—it carries with it a 
< 1 . 1 + + 1 , 4 .. , .r.+ 4 , 4 .., X Tx • 4 great moral lesson—to sftrvey such a couutrv as 
flat, that the water cannot escape. It is not this; teaching us that those who possess great iiat- 
a bog, or a swamp, but so wet that it can- advantages, whether as nations or as individ- 
not be cultivated profitably by the settlers. y;® “ot. al"'ays either most blessed or happiest; 
Besides these phenomena, there are cer- Im^Lnl' and taa["lfosrn3 
tain natural obstructions, which present not only happiest, but in general mo.st suc- 
themselves, in the course of rivers, and mve 'vl*® have the.se difficulties to encounter. 
rise to new conditions of the country bor- *v/ 1®®.'’® department of the subject. With 
1 • ,, ... y file subject of rivers are connected the tides. The 
ncrino- nn flir*m wliicli nm 4-.V I4100 xj-...- . Y • • .. xue 
themselves, in the course of rivers, and mve ®®®®^®1» 'vl*® have the.se difficulties to encounter, 
rise to new conditions of the country bor- *v/ 1®®.'’® department of the subject. With 
1 • ... y til® subject of rivers are connected the tides. The 
^dering on them, which are more or less Utl- flowing of rivers is naturally connected with the 
favorable to the growth of crops, but which fi®'ving of tides, and the flowing of tides is a phys- 
tarmers m;ike profitable. In New Bruns- *®®* P**®®®'®®®®® intimately connected with agri¬ 
wick, there are many such-which may be ^ 
1 , 11 Vy need not go far for an illustration—if I take you to 
called bogs, or swamps. In your own State, the Bay of Fundy, which separates Nova Scotia 
m Cayuga county, I believe chiefly on the fr®ni New-Brimswick—the waters of which rush 
outlet of Ctiyuga I+ake, lies the Montezuma V.P velocity, and rise to a great height. 
Marsh. Ihavc not visited it myself; but w? 
am advised, that the mar-sh is formed by ob- banks on either side, which on the Nova Scotia 
structions, wliich can only be removed by ^i^l® ®10 c®®iposcd of a species of rock and clay, and 
■ operations on a large scale, by which a par- ^*'® ®xUe®®ty ®f the bay loaded with mud 
enabled to liO'V fiom the lake, and thus a head waters of the bay, in great quantities, and 
large extent of land, capable of being made f®rnis the richest land exi.sting in that part of the 
of the mo.st productive character, may be richest land in Nova Scotia and New 
j-Pflppiiip,! f.-nm ]invv 44 nii 4 ioo T.. 4.+1 x Bmuswick, is formed of such deposites as these— 
nf in?. 1.1 ? . I" otherparts mainlyfromthe waters of the Baj^f Fundy, which 
or \OUr countrj, in Gcoigia, for instance, not only bring with them the ingredients that fer- 
there are large swamp.s, and in Florida, there 1'*'^® fl\® ®®*^ ^**®y f®r»» themselves, but bring to the 
are what are called everglades • in reo-ard to fanner the means to fertilize the uplands 
whicll I amhannvto hm. thof t® a gr®at e.vtent. 1 do not mean to say that there 
+ 1 f 7 V ^ 1 ’ V • • ^ of Americathat I have vis- 
talRecl ot lOl (.liaining and reclaiming. ited, the advantages of these deposites are fully put 
Another remarkable phenomena whicli “®®i ^®® ®''®a®s fli®«® ®'arshe.s afford of 
has attracted the attention of physical o-eoo-- f7 
......i. ... 4 . +1 4 . 1 1 lx 1 producing enough to nourish a large population. 
r<iph( 1 .., lb the large deltas formed at the But I pass over this also, and 1 shall take you 
mouths of groat rivers, everywhere. Those ®®^t to the sea itself, and to the currents that tra- 
at the mouth of the Mississippi arc familiar ^^'® *^®®* ^‘®^® ^ ^*^^® ^® present one 
...ae. 
. 4, „x .1 4, xi c 11 X • iiui. J. poiiuuH oul on lus map certain siiades, 
lound lit the mouths ot all great rivers, be- indicating the currents of water. Here, said he, 
ing formed of rich alluvial soils, are general- (po*®ting to the coast of Africa near the equator,) 
ly of an unhealthy character; unhealthy te®dency of the water is to How westward.— 
bacausc of thoir riclmoss, and bccauac o'f 
that unnealtiiy character m other situations, current, which is here three or four degrees colder 
imd under other circumstances, would not ^^‘® "’®t®*‘ ®f the main sea, breaks against the 
be cultivated at all. If time permitted I ®°™®’'®f t^o®th America, and then sep- 
might here show yon, how much the SXZIZT 'C 
force it seems to lo.se itself, but proceeds on till it is 
taken up to the river Amazon, and flows through 
the Caribbean .sea. Here the water, which before 
was colder than the surrounding sea, gets warmer, 
and flows along through the Gulf of Slexico, as if 
trying to get further west. But it is edged oil by 
the main land, until at last it is obliged to take its 
way back along the coast of Florida and thence a- 
long the sea-board, until it comes opposite the 
southern part of Newfoundland. When the cur¬ 
rent comes out of the gulf, it is warm, nine or ten 
degrees warmer than before. Thence its natural 
direction is across the north Atlantic, until it strikes 
the coa.st of Spain. But it does not all go there; 
a part of it breaks off and goes north, passing the 
south-eastern coast of Iceland, and then the warm 
water loses itself in the Arctic sea. 
Now, what is the effect of this on the agricultu¬ 
ral character of the country which this stream vis¬ 
its? Being nine or ten degrees warmer than the 
surrounding sea, it retains this warmth to such a 
degree at the north, that the climate of those north¬ 
ern regions, even as far up as Spitzbergen, is ma¬ 
terially mollified by the water thus flowing up from 
the southern country. 
The indications of this, are very distinct in the 
north of Europe. (Prof. J. here pointed to a map 
of tho globe, across which was affixed a piece of red 
tape, which followed one of the northern parallels 
of latitude, or nearly so, sitying that it was intend¬ 
ed to represent more clearly the nature of this mod¬ 
ifying influence upon climate and upon agricultur¬ 
al products.) That line, said he, covered by the 
tape, indicates the line where the ground is frozen 
all the year round; that is the course of the line of 
perpetual frost. What is the reason of this bend 
towards the north? (pointing to the neighborhood 
of Iceland and Spitzbergen, where the tape was car¬ 
ried several degrees north;) the reason is, that the 
warm water of this equatorial current, being heat¬ 
ed in its passage through the Gulf of Mexico, car¬ 
ries this warmth so far north, that it actually 
changes the course of this line of perpetual frost, 
preventing a greater part of Lapland and Norway, 
and a greater part of Sweden also, from being con¬ 
stantly frozen; but for this, these parts of those 
countries could not bear crops; and in Norway, and 
a greater part of Sweden, all of Finland, and a large 
portion of Northern Russia, it would be perpetual¬ 
ly frozen, but for the fact that this stream mollifies 
the severity of the temperature, and thus enabling 
this northern countiy to grow barley, oats, and oth¬ 
er things, necessary for the sustenance of man.— 
This physical, geographical phenomenon, connects 
itself with considerations of the highe.st moment. 
It shows you, on how slight a circumstance, which 
might well escape unobserved, depends the fate of 
a country, and the lives of millions of men. 
Suppose for a moment, that this current in its 
flow towards the west, in search of an outlet in that 
direction, could make its way through the Isthmus 
of Panama, and could go right across the Pacific 
Ocean, instead of being compelled to take its course 
north, what would happen? This water would 
flow straight on, through tho Gulf of Mexico, into 
the Pacific. The Gulf stream would cease to ex¬ 
ist at the north, and the climate in the regions 
spoken of, would cease to be modified by it, and 
we should have an icy desert, without the capacity 
to sustain human life, and an uninhabitable region 
in Norway, Sweden and Northern Russia. 
To give you an idea of the quantity of heat dif¬ 
fused by tho Gulf Stream, in these northern re¬ 
gions, I nxuy mention that the quantity of heat 
acquired by this stream, and thus tlirown north¬ 
wardly in its course, is enqiigh to warm the whole 
column of air, that rests'on Great Britain and 
France, from winter temperature to suiTimer heat; 
hence, there is every reason to believe that the mol¬ 
lifying influences I speak of, are produced in that 
way. 
Another current called the Arctic current, ori¬ 
ginates in the masses of ice which iuyouiid the 
North Pole. It runs along the easteriT shores of 
Greenland, to Cape Farewell, doubles the cape, and 
flows up the western coast of Greenland, to about 
6G degrees north latitude, where it turns to the 
southward, along the coa.st of Labrador, forming 
the Hudson Bay current. This, being cold water, 
very materially affects the climate of Newfound¬ 
land. In 1831, tho harbor of Newfoundland was 
closed with ice on the Istof June, though it is two 
degrees further south tlian Liverpool. Arriving at 
the north end of Newfoundland, it sends a branch 
through the Straits of Bellisle, to the St. Lawrence, 
while the main part joins the Gulf Stream, be¬ 
tween 43 and 47 degrees west longitude; here it 
divides—one portion flowing south to the Carrib- 
bean Sea, which it enters as an under-current, the 
otlier flowing south-west forms tlic United States 
counter current. Here it serves a useful purpose. 
It replaces the warm water sent through the Gulf 
Sqeam, and mitigates the climate of the countries 
of Central America and the Gulf of Mexico, which, 
but for this beautiful and benign system of aque¬ 
ous circulation, would have the hottest, if not the 
most pestilential climate in the world. I believe 
that the climate of the States of North and South 
Carolina and Georgia, which is salubrious, even in 
the summer months, is in a great measure the re¬ 
sult of the mollifying influence of this cold current 
and thus rendered bearable in those parts of the 
world, which would be otherwise unhealthy if not 
unendurable. Another illustration; 
I said I would show you why this equatorial cur- j 
rent was colder when it crossed the Atlantic. I j 
have already given you one reason, that if it flows j 
from a certain point on the African coa.st, water j 
must flow to that point, either from the north or the i 
south. Let me show you how it comes from the \ 
south. Looking at the map of South x\merica, j 
you will observe the Andes, which traverse the | 
whole of South America, are bordered by a fringe ' 
of land on the west forming Peru and Chili; these j 
are low countrie.s—bordered by the sea on the one 
side, and by the mountains on the other. In these ' 
countries no rain ever falls—from their position it 
.should be a country in which nothing was to be 
seen but barren and sandy wastes, where no people 
could live, and because of the absence of its capac¬ 
ity to produce crops. Now, there flows from the 
south-west a large body of water, which drifts up 
towards the coast of Peru and Chili. It is called 
tho great southern drift. As it approaches the coa.st 
of 1 atagonia, it widens and separates into two 
branches; one flowing towards the south, the oth¬ 
er the north. This current is cold water, and is 
some ten depees colder than the sea through which 
it flows. Humboldt was llie person who first ob¬ 
served both the temperature and the effect of this 
current; hence by some it is called the Humboldt 
current, by others, the Peruvian current. The ef¬ 
fect of this current is very remarkable, upon the 
agricultural capabilities of these two countries.— 
You know that rain and mist are caused by the 
commingling of currents of air of different temper¬ 
atures. A current of air from the north, meets the 
southern current, which is warmer and moister, ’ 
and the mingling of the two, causes the moisture l 
of the air, to be precipitated in tho form of fogs end { 
mist, and sometimes to fall in the form of dew._ I 
Now tlie mingling of this warm air, as it passes 
over this cold current, becomes cooled down. The 
moment it comes in contact with the current of 
cold air, it forms a mist, and at certain seasons of 
the year, a great deal of mist and fog hangs over 
this whole coast. During the prevalence of these 
togs and mists, the atmosphere loses its transpa¬ 
rency, and tho sun is obscured for months togeth- 
! er. The vapors are so thick, that the sun seen 
through them, with the naked eye, assumes the 
apjiearance of the moon’s disc; sometimes as red 
as blood. This fog is altogether the result of the 
causes I have mentioned. The effect of these fogs 
which cover the whole surface of this coast, to a 
greater or less extent, and fall in refreshing dews 
at night, is to cause vegetation to spring up, and 
flouisli, where no rain ever falls, and thus, from 
these simple, natural cau.ses, this large area, which 
would otherwise he a desert, is made capable of 
producing enough to .sustain a large population. 
In this connection, permit me to draw your at¬ 
tention to another intere.sting fact. This current 
combined with the prevailing south-east wind, fa¬ 
vors every voyage on this coast from south to north, 
to such an extent, that one may easily sail in 4 or 5 
days, from Callao to Guayaquil, and in 8 or 9 days 
from Valparaiso to Callao, a distance of more than 
1,600 miles. But the same current, flowing north, 
with the prevailing wind, retards the passage of ves¬ 
sels in the opposite direction. But the last difficul¬ 
ty which arises from the provision made for the 
sustenance of man, in promoting the growth of that 
on which he lives, has been counteracted by hu¬ 
man intelligence and skill. The power of steam, 
or rather its application to the purposes of naviga¬ 
tion, conquers this difficulty, and a voyage which 
it took weeks to accomplish, is now made in the 
same number of days, and the commerce of this 
coast, is carried on with great facility. 
Anotlier compensation for this difficulty: in or¬ 
der that steam may be employed upon this coast, it 
is necessary that there should be a supply of fuel; 
there is such a supply. At Valparaiso there is a 
large deposite of coal. Thus Providence, which is 
always kind to us, and which always provides some 
way in which human ingenuity may overcome ob¬ 
stacles, seems here to have provided the ;«eans for 
overcoming the difficulties to navigation, caused by 
this cold current, which is so necessary to the sub¬ 
sistence and comfort of the inhabitants of that part 
of the world. 
Gentlemen, I might here draw your attention to 
ancient physical geography; I have spoken of mod- 
ren physical geography, as it exists now. I might 
speak of ancient physical geography, as it existed 
at a very remote period, and show you what cur¬ 
rents and drifts existed then, how far they have 
modified tho face of the countn,', and, in fact, de¬ 
termined not only the capabilities of the soil, but 
the modes of culture, the crops best fitted to partic¬ 
ular localities, the kind of husbandry necessary to 
their growth. But in this lecture I have trespass¬ 
ed on the time usually allotted to .such an address, 
and therefore I shall not enter on this new subject, 
but content myself with such illu.strations as have 
been already presented, hoping that tho few points 
which I have put before you, selected from a vast 
and extended field, will satisfy you that the phe¬ 
nomena of physical geography not only present a 
vast fund of information of the highest interest, and 
especially to those whose leading pursuit is Agri¬ 
culture; but that it does open up veiy large views 
of the economy of Providence, which are elevating 
and improving to the human mind, and which 
those who have to do with the affairs of nations, 
above all others, should b® familiar with. 
larticuitiiral lEjiartnirat. 
ORNAMENTAL FRONT YARDS. 
The spirit which seeks the beautiful in 
nature and art to add loveliness to its home 
—to give pleasentness to the scene where 
its best affections cluster — prompts us to 
embellish our front yards with ornamental 
.shrubs and flower-beds, and to curtain and 
windows and verandas with honey-suckles 
and climbing roses. Thus the flower and 
vegetable gardens, which a crude and un¬ 
cultivated taste permitted to occupy tlie 
same plot of ground, are now generally sep¬ 
arated, the former having gained higher es¬ 
timation and place than of old. 
Almost all the cottages springing up 
around us, seem to have been planned with 
this thought, more or less distinctly in view. 
And generally it is attempted to be carried 
into practice, but from a want of due con¬ 
sideration of the work .set about, often tails 
or only partially succeeds—proving rather 
a discourager than a prompter of future ef¬ 
forts. The trees and shrubs are planted, 
but they tail to flourish, and with a sickly, 
puny life, seem to mock our 'veil intended 
labors. Our flowers are deterioated and 
scentless, and our vines seem skeletons, too 
unsubstantial for either shade or flowers — 
either beauty or fragrance. 
But for this there is a remedy. It is the 
shallow and barren soil which gives only 
such disheartening returns as these. It is 
the want of care and attention, in this way 
calling for reform, which leaves us so profit¬ 
less a result. We have underfiiken more 
than we could well accomplisli, and, oiu' ne¬ 
glect admonishes us with a distinctness which 
can neither be gainsayed or misunderstood. 
We have failed to give due consideration 
to the tact, that we seek for sightliness and 
convenience, not for fertility in the situation 
of our dwellings, and that hence it is gene¬ 
rally necessary to prepare the soil with at 
least a.s much care as for a profitable crop 
from the farm or the garden. We cannot 
even have a green and beautiful liuvn with¬ 
out making a soil suitable for it 
It is a rule, too, which may not be neg¬ 
lected 'vith impunity, that in transplanting 
the soil where tlie tree or plant is placed, 
should be superior in depth and fertility to 
that from which it was taken. So, to pre¬ 
pare for the gi'owth of shrub or vine, for an 
ornamental flo'ver-bed, it is not enouirh that 
the turf be removed and a few inches of the 
soil bo mixed with a coating of manure; biq 
the turf and soil, unless in good tilth, should 
be wholly removed to the depth of at least 
eighteen inches, and the space filled with 
good garden mould, with a suitable mixture 
of well-rotted compost: then, the plants, in¬ 
stead of languishing destitute of health and 
beauty, until the first summer drought fin¬ 
ishes their existence, will have a rich mellow 
soil to depend upon, and will re-pay all the 
care and attention which they so well merit 
and appreciate. 
A beautiful front yard not only gives end¬ 
less pleasure to its possessor, but all who pass 
by admire and enjoy it,—and form a favor¬ 
able opinion of die mind which has planned 
and the hand which has cultivated and plant¬ 
ed such an exhibition of the noble charac¬ 
ter of its tastes and occupations. 
March, 1850. j. h. b. 
THE PEACH ON PLUM STOCKS. 
Eds. New-Yorkek: —In No. 9, of the 
“ Rural” you have an article on the prema¬ 
ture decay, &c., of peach trees. I take the 
liberty of sending you an extract from “Cob- 
bett’s American Gardener.” He says the 
bud or graft retains its own nature, wholly 
unchanged by the stock; and all that is of 
consequence, as to the kind of stock, is, 
whether it be such as to last long and sup¬ 
ply the tree with a suitable quantity of wood. 
This is a matter of great importance; for 
though peach will grow on peach, and ap¬ 
ple on apple, the trees are not nearly so 
vigorous and durable as if the peach were 
put on the qdwn, and the apple on the crab. 
In 1800, I sent .several trees from Eng¬ 
land to Messrs. James and Thomas Paul, of 
Bustleton, in Pennsylvania. There was a 
nectarine among these. It is well known, 
that, in 1817, there had been so great a mor¬ 
tality in tlie peach orchai-ds, that they had 
become almost wholly extinct. - x\.t Bustle- 
ton tliere had been as great a mortality as 
in any other part. Yet I, that year, saw the 
nectarine tree, large, sound in every part, 
fine and flourishing. 
It is very well known, that the peach trees 
here are veiy short lived; six, seven, or eight 
year.s, seem to be the duration of their life. 
This nectarine had stood seventeen years; 
and was likely to stand twice as long yet to 
come. It is clear to me, therefore, that the 
short life of the peach orchards is owing to 
the stock being peach. No small part of 
the peach trees arc raised from the stom. 
Nothing is more frequent than to see a far¬ 
mer, or his wife, when he or she has eaten 
a good peach, go and ihake a little hole and 
put the stone in the gi'ound in order to have 
a peach tree of the same sort — not consid¬ 
ering that the stone never, except by mere 
accident, produces fruit of the same quality 
as that within which it was contained, any 
more than the seed of a Carnation produces 
flowers like those from which tliey proceeded. 
The peaches in America are, 'vhen bud¬ 
ded, put on qyeach stocks; and this, I think, 
is the cause of their swift decay. They 
should be put on stocks, for, to what 
other cause are we to ascribe the long life 
and rtgorous state of the nectarine at Mr. 
Paul’s ? The plum is a closer and harder 
wood than the peach. The peach trees are" 
destroyed by a worm, or rather, a sort of 
maggot, that eats into the bark at the .stem. 
The insects do not like the plum bark; and 
be.sides, the plum is a more hardy and vig~ 
orous tree than the peach; and, observe, it 
is frequently and most frequently, the feeble¬ 
ness, or sickliness, of the tree tliat creates 
the insects, and not the insects that create 
the feebleness and sickliness. There are 
thousands of peach trees in England and 
France that arc fftg gears old, and that are 
still in vigorous fruitfulness. T’here is a 
good deal in climate, to be sure; but, I am 
convinced, tliat there is a great deal in the 
stock. Yours, etc., G. Coi.sosr, 
Rochesler, March, 1850. 
The only objection to budding the pcacli 
on the plum, that we are aware of, is that 
the peach greatly overgrows the plum stock, 
and makes an unsightly union of the two 
stocks. It avoids one of our great evils, the 
grub at the root, which seldom attacks the 
plum. 
KloiialEmhellisiimkxts bor Farm Hou¬ 
ses. —I would have the 'Tindo'vs of our 
farm houses adornoil with flowers, not in 
rusty till measures, and old black, glazed, 
spoutless teapots, and gla.ss bottles with 
their necks broken oil', but in wiioie and 
handsome, llo'ver pots or neatly painted 
wooden boxes, for they really cost little or 
notliing. [ would liave the door yard filled 
with fio'vors and shrubbery, and the road¬ 
side lined with trees; here a clump and 
there a single line, mingling the varieties as 
nature mingled them. 
